Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

In his introduction to this detailed survey of knowledge of insect societies, the author points out that research on insect sociology has proceeded in three phases, the natural history phase, the physiological phase and the population-biology phase. Advances in the first two phases have permitted embarkation in the third phase on a more rigorous theory of social evolution based on population genetics and writing this book, the author wished to relate the three phases of research on insects and to express insect sociology as population biology. A glossary of terms, a considerable bibliography and a general index are included. Other CABI sites 

The Insect Societies

■ Abstract The fi-proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a very common cyto- plasmic symbiont of insects, crustaceans, mites, and filarial nematodes. To enhance its transmission, W. pipientis has evolved a large scale of host manipulations: partheno- genesis induction, feminization, and male killing. W. pipientis's most common effect is a crossing incompatibility between infected males and uninfected females. Little is known about the genetics and biochemistry of these symbionts because of their fas- tidious requirements. The affinity of W. pipientis for the microtubules associated with the early divisions in eggs may explain some of their effects. Such inherited microor- ganisms are thought to have been major factors in the evolution of sex determination, eusociality, and speciation. W. pipientis isolates are also of interest as vectors for the modification of wild insect populations, in the improvement of parasitoid wasps in biological pest control, and as a new method for interfering with diseases caused by filarial nematodes.

Wolbachia pipientis: microbial manipulator of arthropod reproduction.

When multiple victim species (e.g. prey, host) are attacked by one or more shared enemy species (e.g. predator, pathogen), the potential exists for apparent competition between victim populations. We review ideas on apparent com­ petition (also called "competition for enemy-free space") and sketch illustrative examples. One puzzling aspect of this indirect interaction is the repeated rediscovery of the essential ideas. Apparent competition arises between focal and alternative prey populations because, in the long term, enemy abundance depends on total prey availability; by increasing enemy numbers, alternative prey intensify predation on focal prey. A frequent empirical finding, consistent with theory, is exclusion of victim species from local communities by resident enemies. Theory suggests victim-species coexistence depends on particular conditions. To understand fully the consequences of shared enemies requires a body of contingent theory, specifying the time-scale of the interactions (short­ and long-term consequences of sharing enemies generally differ), the structure of the food-web encompassing the interactions, its spatial context, etc. The "core criterion" for a focal victim species to invade a community supporting a resident, polyphagous enemy is r> aP (the invader's intrinsic rate of increase

The Ecological Consequences of Shared Natural Enemies

Nest reuse has rarely been observed in Polistes wasps. I observed reuse of an old nest in P. chinensis antennalis in Takamatsu, Shikoku Isl. western Japan.

Reuse of an Old Nest by the Polistine Wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Western Japan

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00040-021-00841-5.pdf

Colony composition, phasic reproduction, and queen–worker dimorphism of an oriental non-army ant doryline Cerapachys sulcinodis species complex in northern Thailand

The rove beetle genus Drusilla includes some myrmecophilous species. The Japanese species Drusilla sparsa (Sharp, 1874) has been regarded as a non-myrmecophilous beetle. In Kagawa Prefecture, Shikoku Island, western Japan, however, we often observed that D. sparsa adults were walking in the vicinity of foraging workers of the myrmicine ant Crematogaster osakensis Forel, 1990. The body color of the beetle is similar to C. osakensis as in other myrmecophilous beetles found near the trails of the host ants. To examine whether D. sparsa is myrmecophilous, we investigated the distribution of D. sparsa and C. osakensis in the field, as well as their behavior including prey preference of the beetle in the laboratory. Drusilla sparsa beetles were collected only in sites where C. osakensis ants occurred. When the beetles encountered the ant workers, they bent the abdominal tip toward the ants. The ants licked the abdominal tip, and then the beetles usually walked away. Such behavioral reaction of the ants was not observed when the beetles encountered workers of the formicine ant Nylanderia flavipes (Smith, 1874) that continuously attacked the beetles. Drusilla sparsa preferred to feed on dead workers of C. osakensis even when other ants were available as food, indicating that D. sparsa is a myrmecophilous species associated with C. osakensis. Crematogaster osakensis was frequently found in the stomach in the ant predator, the Japanese treefrog Hyla japonica Gunther, 1859. Thus, the significance of body color similarity between the host ants and beetles is not a case of Batesian mimicry.

The rove beetle Drusilla sparsa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a myrmecophilous species associated with a myrmicine ant, Crematogaster osakensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Simple Summary Similar to wasps and bees, ants also produce their males by parthenogenesis (development from unfertilized eggs). Much more exceptional is thelytoky, which means that female offspring is also produced by parthenogenesis. This phenomenon to date has been reported for only 16 ant species, including three that belong to the genus Strumigenys: S. hexamera, S. membranifera and S. rogeri. In the present study we discovered that thelytoky also occurs in three more Strumigenys species: S. emmae, S. liukueiensis and S. solifontis. Although queens of these thelytokous Strumigenys species do not need sperm to produce female offspring, they all do contain a functional reproductive system. This includes the presence of a spermatheca, which is the storage organ in which queens store the sperm they receive from the males during the mating flight. We hypothesize that these queens retain a spermatheca for the rare event when they encounter a male and mate with it. In several of these thelytokous Strumigenys species, males are extremely rare but are occasionally produced. Mating with such males considerably increases the genetic variability of the offspring in these thelytokous Strumigenys colonies. Several thelytokous species, such as S. emmae, S. membranifera and S. rogeri, are tramp species. It is obvious that reproduction without the need to mate with males offers these species a big advantage when establishing colonies in new environments. Abstract Parthenogenetic reproduction is a common feature for social Hymenoptera, as males typically develop from unfertilized eggs (arrhenotoky). Production of female offspring without the involvement of sperm (thelytoky) also exists but is rather exceptional as it has been reported for only 16 ant species so far. Three of these belong to the genus Strumigenys: S. hexamera, S. membranifera and S. rogeri. Our observations on the reproductive biology in various Oriental Strumigenys species extends this list of thelytokous ants with three more species: S. emmae, S. liukueiensis and S. solifontis. Of these six thelotykous species, S. emmae, S. membranifera and S. rogeri are known as tramp species. Reproduction without the need to fertilize eggs no doubt offers these species a considerable advantage when establishing colonies in new environments. Published histological data on S. hexamera and S. membranifera already showed that the queens possess a functional spermatheca. We now provide evidence that this is also the case for the four other thelytokous Strumigenys species. Retaining a functional spermatheca and reproductive system may keep the queens ready for the exceptional event of mating and hence increase genetic variability, as males do occur very rarely.

/pdf/parthenogenetic-reproduction-in-strumigenys-ants-an-update-2so4q6n6.pdf

Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Strumigenys Ants: An Update

Figure 5 from: Yamane S, Hosoishi S, Ito F (2022) ﻿Japanese Tetramorium queens: identification key and species diagnoses (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). ZooKeys 1084: 43-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.69767

Fuminori Ito

Papers

Reuse of an Old Nest by the Polistine Wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Western Japan

Colony composition, phasic reproduction, and queen–worker dimorphism of an oriental non-army ant doryline Cerapachys sulcinodis species complex in northern Thailand

The rove beetle Drusilla sparsa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a myrmecophilous species associated with a myrmicine ant, Crematogaster osakensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Strumigenys Ants: An Update

Figure 5 from: Yamane S, Hosoishi S, Ito F (2022) Japanese Tetramorium queens: identification key and species diagnoses (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). ZooKeys 1084: 43-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.69767

Fuminori Ito

Papers

Reuse of an Old Nest by the Polistine Wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Western Japan

Colony composition, phasic reproduction, and queen–worker dimorphism of an oriental non-army ant doryline Cerapachys sulcinodis species complex in northern Thailand

The rove beetle Drusilla sparsa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a myrmecophilous species associated with a myrmicine ant, Crematogaster osakensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Strumigenys Ants: An Update

Figure 5 from: Yamane S, Hosoishi S, Ito F (2022) ﻿Japanese Tetramorium queens: identification key and species diagnoses (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). ZooKeys 1084: 43-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.69767

Figure 5 from: Yamane S, Hosoishi S, Ito F (2022) Japanese Tetramorium queens: identification key and species diagnoses (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). ZooKeys 1084: 43-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.69767