Preface. About the Authors. Acknowledgments. 1 Power Amplifier Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Definition of Power Amplifier Parameters. 1.3 Distortion Parameters. 1.4 Power Match Condition. 1.5 Class of Operation. 1.6 Overview of Semiconductors for PAs. 1.7 Devices for PA. 1.8 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships. 1.9 References. 2 Power Amplifier Design. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Design Flow. 2.3 Simplified Approaches. 2.4 The Tuned Load Amplifier. 2.5 Sample Design of a Tuned Load PA. 2.6 References. 3 Nonlinear Analysis for Power Amplifiers. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Linear vs. Nonlinear Circuits. 3.3 Time Domain Integration. 3.4 Example. 3.5 Solution by Series Expansion. 3.6 The Volterra Series. 3.7 The Fourier Series. 3.8 The Harmonic Balance. 3.9 Envelope Analysis. 3.10 Spectral Balance. 3.11 Large Signal Stability Issue. 3.12 References. 4 Load Pull. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Passive Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems. 4.3 Active Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems. 4.4 Measurement Test-sets. 4.5 Advanced Load Pull Measurements. 4.6 Source/Load Pull Characterization. 4.7 Determination of Optimum Load Condition. 4.8 Appendix: Construction of Simplified Load Pull Contours through Linear Simulations. 4.9 References. 5 High Efficiency PA Design Theory. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Power Balance in a PA. 5.3 Ideal Approaches. 5.4 High Frequency Harmonic Tuning Approaches. 5.5 High Frequency Third Harmonic Tuned (Class F). 5.6 High Frequency Second Harmonic Tuned. 5.7 High Frequency Second and Third Harmonic Tuned. 5.8 Design by Harmonic Tuning. 5.9 Final Remarks. 5.10 References. 6 Switched Amplifiers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Ideal Class E Amplifier. 6.3 Class E Behavioural Analysis. 6.4 Low Frequency Class E Amplifier Design. 6.5 Class E Amplifier Design with 50# Duty-cycle. 6.6 Examples of High Frequency Class E Amplifiers. 6.7 Class E vs. Harmonic Tuned. 6.8 Class E Final Remarks. 6.9 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships. 6.10 References. 7 High Frequency Class F Power Amplifiers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Class F Description Based on Voltage Wave-shaping. 7.3 High Frequency Class F Amplifiers. 7.4 Bias Level Selection. 7.5 Class F Output Matching Network Design. 7.6 Class F Design Examples. 7.7 References. 8 High Frequency Harmonic Tuned Power Amplifiers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Theory of Harmonic Tuned PA Design. 8.3 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Theoretical Analysis. 8.4 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Experimental Results. 8.5 Output Device Nonlinear Phenomena. 8.6 Design of a Second HT Power Amplifier. 8.7 Design of a Second and Third HT Power Amplifier. 8.8 Example of 2nd HT GaN PA. 8.9 Final Remarks. 8.10 References. 9 High Linearity in Efficient Power Amplifiers. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Systems Classification. 9.3 Linearity Issue. 9.4 Bias Point Influence on IMD. 9.5 Harmonic Loading Effects on IMD. 9.6 Appendix: Volterra Analysis Example. 9.7 References. 10 Power Combining. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Device Scaling Properties. 10.3 Power Budget. 10.4 Power Combiner Classification. 10.5 The T-junction Power Divider. 10.6 Wilkinson Combiner. 10.7 The Quadrature (90 ) Hybrid. 10.8 The 180 Hybrid (Ring Coupler or Rat-race). 10.9 Bus-bar Combiner. 10.10 Other Planar Combiners. 10.11 Corporate Combiners. 10.12 Resonating Planar Combiners. 10.13 Graceful Degradation. 10.14 Matching Properties of Combined PAs. 10.15 Unbalance Issue in Hybrid Combiners. 10.16 Appendix: Basic Properties of Three-port Networks. 10.17 References. 11 The Doherty Power Amplifier. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Doherty's Idea. 11.3 The Classical Doherty Configuration. 11.4 The 'AB-C' Doherty Amplifier Analysis. 11.5 Power Splitter Sizing. 11.6 Evaluation of the Gain in a Doherty Amplifier. 11.7 Design Example. 11.8 Advanced Solutions. 11.9 References. Index.

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High Efficiency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Amplifiers

A method has been developed for characterizing the wave propagation properties of medium voltage (MV) power cables. It delivers the complex propagation constant of lossy cable transmission lines as a function of frequency. The technique is based on time domain measurements and frequency domain analysis of short pulse propagation. Particular attention is paid to the calibration, as samples with arbitrary characteristic impedances can cause multiple reflections in the test setup. The influence of numerical artefacts is also investigated. The developed technique is demonstrated on MV crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cables. The results are verified by comparison with frequency domain measurements of the cable S-parameters.

Calibration for time domain propagation constant measurements on power cables

Accurate calibration techniques for the characterization of general one- and two-port networks using time domain reflection/transmission (TDR/T) measurements are presented. Simple one-port open-short-match corrections formulated by W.M. Scott and G.S. Smith (1986) are generalized for three arbitrary known loads and extended to the two-port case. Known, general frequency-domain techniques are shown to be directly applicable to the time-domain measurements, including the use of redundancy to reduce the number of required calibration standards. A time-domain thru-match-short method similar to the TRL method of G.F. Engen and C.A. Hoer (1979) is presented. Examples of the measured results for typical one- and two-port devices are included and compared with vector network analyzer measurement results to validate the time domain network analysis algorithms. >

Calibration methods for time domain network analysis

In this letter, experimental results and trends for shielded coplanar waveguide transmission lines (S-CPW) implemented in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology are provided. Because of the introduction of floating strips below the CPW transmission line, high effective dielectric permittivity and quality factor are obtained. Three different geometries of S-CPW transmission lines are characterized. For the best geometry, the measured effective dielectric permittivity reaches 48, leading to a very high slow-wave factor and high miniaturization. In addition, measurements demonstrate a quality factor ranging from 20 to 40 between 10 and 40 GHz, demonstrating state-of-the-art results for transmission lines realized in a low-cost CMOS standard technology.

High-Q Slow-Wave Coplanar Transmission Lines on 0.35 $\mu$ m CMOS Process

Existing time-based and frequency-based RLCG extraction methods from measurements on uniform transmission lines are discussed. Using a THRU bisect de-embedding technique proved useful in removing resonances, particularly with the distributed resistance.

Accurate resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance (RLCG) from uniform transmission line measurements

This paper deals with the characterization of lossy transmission lines. The method developed here delivers the complex propagation constant /spl gamma/ of any arbitrary length and characteristic impedance transmission line, embedded in an arbitrary environment. This approach is based upon time domain analysis of short pulse propagation. Measurements are done with a commercial digital sampling oscilloscope. Only two transmission lines of different lengths are required in order to extract /spl gamma/ and to correct systematic errors of the measurement system. The problem of random errors is also addressed. The method is demonstrated with microstrip lines. A comparison of the developed technique with an other existing time domain approach and a classical frequency domain extraction is also carried out. >

Time domain characterization of lossy arbitrary characteristic impedance transmission lines

A complete calibration procedure for a fast sampling oscilloscope has been developed. This calibration makes it possible to use time-domain-reflected, time-domain-transmitted (TDR-TDT) systems at a quantitative level as a time-domain network analysis (TDNA) system. The data acquisition and calibration programs are implemented on a personal computer. All measurements are achieved in the time domain; the errors are corrected in the frequency domain, after Fourier transform. The bandwidth of the system extends from DC to 20 GHz. A whole calibration is achieved in a time comparable to LRL calibration on a classical network analyzer. >

A complete calibration procedure for time domain network analyzers

In this paper, we present an original method, simple to implement, rapid and systematic for the conception of Nonlinear Transmission Lines (NLTL) for shock wave generation This method is based on SPICE simulations and allows the synthesis of hybrid or monolithic NLTLs

G. Angenieux

Papers

Time domain characterization of lossy arbitrary characteristic impedance transmission lines

A complete calibration procedure for time domain network analyzers

A simple and systematic method for the design of tapered nonlinear transmission lines