The functionality of probiotics in aquaculture: An overview.

Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade

The microbiome of the host and its surroundings play a vital role in its health and well-being Unlike the terrestrial organisms that maternally acquire its microbiome, the aquatic species mainly get colonized by the microorganisms in its aquatic surrounding and are exposed to a wide variety of microbial community based on the type of aquatic environment the host inhabits This review is focused on the aquaculture and shrimp microbiome and factors that influence its microbiome such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, diet, stress conditions, frequency and type of antibiotics used, host physiological conditions and developmental stages This review also casts light on the role of the microbiome in enhancing the shrimp health, immune response, microbial colonization, and the effects of the biofloc system on shrimp and aquaculture microbiome Moreover, beneficial microbes can be a safer alternative to harmful antibiotics used in aquaculture, which can thereby prevent the emergence of superbugs and also enhance the production rate A proper understanding of the interactions between the host and its microbiome can help us to modulate and manipulate the aquaculture microbiome to enhance the health of aquatic organisms, which ensures the growth of the aquaculture industry Therefore, the treatment strategies should be targeted towards the modulation of shrimp and aquaculture microbiome, which acts as beneficial partners to overcome the challenges confronted by the aquaculture sector

Healthy microbiome: a key to successful and sustainable shrimp aquaculture

The increasing global population has led to an increase in food demand; consequently, aquaculture is one of the food production sectors that has offered opportunities to alleviate hunger, malnutrition, and poverty. However, the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry has been hindered by the limited availability of natural resources as well as its negative impact on the surrounding environment. Hence, there is an urgent need to search for better aquacultural production systems that, despite their high productivity and profitability, utilize fewer resources such as water, energy, land, and capital in conjunction with a negligible impact on the environment. Biofloc technology (BFT) is one of the most exciting and promising sustainable aquaculture systems; it takes into account the intensive culture of aquatic species, zero water exchange, and improved water quality as a result of beneficial microbial biomass activity, which, at the same time, can be utilized as a nutritious aquaculture feed, thus lowering the costs of production. Furthermore, BFT permits the installation of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems in which the wastes of one organism are utilized as feed by another organism, without a detrimental effect on co-cultured species. This review, therefore, highlights the basics of BFT, factors associated with BFT for the successful production of aquatic species, the significance of this food production system for the sustainable production of economically important aquatic species, its economic aspects, drawbacks, limitations, and recommended management aspects for sustainable aquaculture.

Biofloc Systems for Sustainable Production of Economically Important Aquatic Species: A Review

Simple Summary The shrimp sector has been one of the fastest-growing agri-food systems in the last 10 years. To overcome the increasing market demand, the transition to the intensification of shrimp farming is a reality in many countries. In addition, the desire to mitigate the risks posed by pathogens has driven many farmers to preference more controlled intensive systems with higher biosecurity. Shrimp nutrition and breeding are other areas that have directly enabled and improved intensification and will continue to be critical to ongoing growth in this sector. From this perspective, the aim of this review is to provide an update of the current production systems and strategies and explore the advances and key contributions that nutrition, breeding, and pathogen surveillance are having towards intensification and super-intensive shrimp culture. Abstract Intensification of the shrimp sector, also referred to as vertical expansion, has been predominately driven by consecutive incidences of global disease outbreaks, which have caused enormous economic loss for the main producer countries. A growing segment of the shrimp farming industry has opted to use production systems with higher density, biosecurity, and operating control to mitigate the risks posed by disease. However, successful super-intensive shrimp production is reliant on an advanced understanding of many important biological and economic parameters in the farming system, coupled with effective monitoring, to maintain optimal production. Compared to traditional extensive or semi-intensive systems, super-intensive systems require higher inputs of feed, energy, labor, and supplements. These systems are highly sensitive to the interactions between these different inputs and require that the biological and economical parameters of farming are carefully balanced to ensure success. Advancing nutritional knowledge and tools to support consistent and efficient production of shrimp in these high-cost super-intensive systems is also necessary. Breeding programs developing breeding-lines selected for these challenging super-intensive environments are critical. Understanding synergies between the key areas of production systems, nutrition, and breeding are crucial for super-intensive farming as all three areas coalesce to influence the health of shrimp and commercial farming success. This article reviews current strategies and innovations being used for Litopenaeus vannamei in production systems, nutrition, and breeding, and discusses the synergies across these areas that can support the production of healthy and high-quality shrimp in super-intensive systems. Finally, we briefly discuss some key issues of social license pertinent to the super-intensive shrimp farming industry.

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G. Gopikrishna

Papers

Bio-augmentation of heterotrophic bacteria in biofloc system improves growth, survival, and immunity of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus.