Heterogeneous base stations (e.g., picocells, microcells, femtocells, and distributed antennas) will become increasingly essential for cellular network capacity and coverage. Up until now, little basic research has been done on the fundamentals of managing so much infrastructure-much of it unplanned-together with the carefully planned macro-cellular network. Inter-cell coordination is in principle an effective way of ensuring different infrastructure components behave in a way that increases, rather than decreases, the key quality of service (QoS) metrics. The success of such coordination depends heavily on how the overhead is shared, and the rate and delay of the overhead sharing. We develop a novel framework to quantify overhead signaling for inter-cell coordination, which is usually ignored in traditional 1-tier networks, and assumes even more importance in multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). We derive the overhead quality contour for general -tier HCNs-the achievable set of overhead packet rate, size, delay, and outage probability-in closed-form expressions or computable integrals under general assumptions on overhead arrivals and different overhead signaling methods (backhaul and/or wireless). The overhead quality contour is further simplified for two widely used models of overhead arrivals: Poisson and deterministic arrival process. This framework can be used in the design and evaluation of any inter-cell coordination scheme. It also provides design insights on backhaul and wireless overhead channels to handle specific overhead signaling requirements.

Fundamentals of Inter-Cell Overhead Signaling in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

This paper presents a unifying scenario classification model and a selection of scenarios, developed within the EU FP7 QUASAR project to study secondary spectrum usage. The classification model categorizes scenarios from technical, regulatory, and economic perspective. It enables the derivation of the most promising scenarios of secondary spectrum access: Cellular and WiFi-like usage of TV white spaces, wireless backhauling using secondary spectrum access, license exempt use of the radar bands, use of the aeronautical bands for mobile broadband and cognitive machine-to-machine communication. These scenarios are presented in more detail along with motivations of why they are interesting to study further. The scenarios will provide the basis for the future work within the QUASAR project, which has the overall objective to assess the amount of useful spectrum opportunities for secondary spectrum access.

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QUASAR scenarios for white space assessments and exploitation

High demands for data rates in mobile communications is the reason for developing broadband wireless access technologies. Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) networks which offer significantly higher data rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. To prepare for the high data rates usage in 4G LTE, operators are using ethernet services in terms of backhaul connectivity. Protection packet switching developed to anticipated network failure on ethernet based network technology. The failures in the network include the link fails to connect to each network element, the network element fails to transfer the data to the destination, or the quality drops below the standard. In this paper we used two ethernet based technique, namely Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP with ring protection to anticipated network failure on these techniques. Furthermore, we measured performance of network by measuring and comparing the throughput, latency and jitter between Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP. We used bandwidth capacity 240 Mbps as plant bandwidth link and worked in MIMO 2 2. The results of measurements indicated that MPLS-TP with ring protection is the best technique to enhanced the performance of LTE network.

Capacity Improvement and Protection of LTE Network on Ethernet Based Technique

In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the mobile communication systems from GSM to LTE (2G to 4G) and the trends in the mobile communication industry. The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a well established cellular system targeted here due to its engineering success and the large number of users currently using the services. The flexibility of wireless networks over voice and data transmission makes it one of the most popular modes of communication. Evolution to next generation services depends on an addition of new services and new features to the existing networks or even an integration of different communication technologies. With the invention of the devices such as tablets and smart phones the need to improve the data transmission rates and transmission efficiency has increased to higher than ever before. In this paper, we focus at some of the important issues pertaining to the evolution of mobile communication networks and predict the future of the networks based on the analysis of the cellular market in India. Since GSM networks accounts for more than 75% of the world wide cellular network, only the evolution of GSM network has been discussed in this paper.

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Evolution of wireless mobile communication networks and future of cellular market in india

Mobile networks are unquestionably a key driver for growth in the telecommunications industry. Currently there are intense investments by network operators towards the widespread deployment of LTE/LTE-A 4G mobile networks to provide ultra-high bandwidth mobile data services. In addition there is a growing effort by the research community to define the architecture and technology enablers for the so-called 5G mobile networks. Such evolving/emerging mobile networks have significant requirements for high-capacity cost-effective front-hauling and back-hauling of the mobile traffic from the wireless base stations that are deployed either in macro-cells or small-cells configurations. The solutions currently under consideration for performing such traffic front/back-hauling are based on point-to-point or point-to-multi-point wireless transmission systems or alternatively on wireline based ones using copper pairs, coaxial cables or optical fibers. So far there is no published detailed examination available that compares the various approaches from a techno-economic perspective. In this presentation we will present the results of a detailed evaluation, from a total cost of ownership (TCO) point of view, for the business case of the various approaches when a hypothetical mobile network operator deployment is considered. Our study reveals the conditions under which the various technology alternatives are the preferred deployment option.

A techno-economic evaluation of different strategies for front-/back-hauling of mobile traffic: Wireless versus fiber based solutions

Next generation broadband wireless technologies such as 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) and WiMax offer significantly higher data rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. While some service providers have started rolling out WiMax, 3GPP LTE is expected to be standardized during 2009, and many service providers are planning to offer LTE services by 2010-2012. Apart from significantly higher speeds, LTE Base stations (eNBs) require logical full mesh connectivity due to the flat all-IP architecture. This paper explores the wireless backhaul network infrastructure options for addressing the LTE bandwidth and connectivity challenges. The paper details the backhaul requirements for 3GPP LTE as specified in the LTE specifications. The paper analyses different architectures for the backhaul access and aggregation networks. The paper proposes a logical topology model for the aggregation network, examines its realization via carrier Ethernet transport and IP/MPLS, and identifies technology gaps in realizing the logical topology model. The paper concludes that while MPLS satisfies the requirements better today, given the time available for LTE evolution, native carrier Ethernet transport could emerge as a strong candidate for future deployments.

G.K. Venkatesan

Papers

Wireless backhaul for LTE - requirements, challenges and options