The basic theoretical considerations involved in developing instruments for electron spectroscopy for atoms and solids are discussed. To be competitive with x-ray emission or absorption spectroscopy methods, electron spectroscopy would have to achieve such high resolution that well-defined electron lines would be obtained with line widths equal to or close to the atomic levels themselves. Chronology of development of equipment to achieve these demands on resolution is discussed. Successful instrument development led to application of electron spectroscopy to the chemical analysis of all elements in the periodic system and the coining of the acronym ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis). Numerous applications of ESCA are described. A brief overview of recent development of new electron spectroscopic instrumentation is included, and several reviews and books published on the subject during the 1970s are among the 260 references cited. (BLM)

Electron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules, and Condensed Matter

A detailed Raman-scattering investigation of LiI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, combined with the polarized infrared-reflectivity measurements, is reported. The dielectric constants determined by the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller (LST) relation (${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{xx}}=6.7,{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{zz}}=6.1$) do not reveal any large contribution by the lattice dynamics to the low-frequency dielectric response. The high-temperature study of the TO Raman modes (till 220 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) does not show any mode "softening," which could explain the critical dielectric behavior observed at very low frequencies. The study of the $A$-symmetry polariton curves has reconfirmed the LST dielectric values. The angular dispersion of the two upper oblique phonons of the $A$ and ${E}_{1}$ symmetry is compared with theory. The intensity dependence of these oblique phonons enables the determination of the second-harmonic-generation coefficient ${d}_{13}$ and the linear electro-optic coefficient ${r}_{13}$ in LiI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. These values are compared with other published data.

Phonons, Polaritons, and Oblique Phonons in LiIO3by Raman Scattering and Infrared Reflection

The x-ray photoelectron spectra of the oxygen 1s level of olivines contain a single component whereas those of pyroxenes contain two components with an intensity ratio of 2:1 and an energy separation of about 1 electron volt We interpret these two components to be the result of the binding energy differences between nonbridging and bridging oxygen atoms within a silicate chain in the pyroxene structure

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/173/3997/633.full.pdf

Core Binding Energy Difference between Bridging and Nonbridging Oxygen Atoms in a Silicate Chain

New iodate materials as potential laser matrices. Preparation and characterisation of α-M(IO3)3 (M = Y, Dy) and β-M(IO3)3 (M = Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er). Structural evolution as a function of the Ln3+ cationic radius

A new method for determing the second‐harmonic‐generation coefficient dijk and the linear electro‐optic term rijk as well as their relative sign from oblique phonon Raman‐scattering experiments is introduced. This method is applicable to piezoelectric crystals of orthorhombic or higher symmetry, where the oblique phonon cross section can be measured. The value of d13 and r13 for LiIO3 were determined.

DETERMINATION OF THE SECOND‐HARMONIC‐GENERATION COEFFICIENT AND THE LINEAR ELECTRO‐OPTIC COEFFICIENT IN LiIO3 THROUGH OBLIQUE RAMAN PHONON MEASUREMENTS

The second harmonic of a ruby laser has been produced in LiIO3 crystals, showing hardly any optical absorption at 0.347 μ. Using these new crystals external to the laser cavity conversion efficiencies up to 40% have been achieved using an incident unfocussed beam of about 130 MW/cm2. After 5–10 shots, a first small internal damage spot appeared inside the LiIO3 crystal. For a beam diameter of 3 mm several hundred shots with a conversion efficiency of 40% were possible.

G. Nath

Papers

EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF A RUBY LASER TO 0.347 μ IN LOW LOSS LITHIUM IODATE