THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Increasing demand for fuels and chemicals, driven by factors including over-population, the threat of global warming and the scarcity of fossil resources, strains our resource system and necessitates the development of sustainable and innovative strategies for the chemical industry. Our society is currently experiencing constraints imposed by our resource system, which drives industry to increase its overall efficiency by improving existing processes or finding new uses for waste. Food supply chain waste emerged as a resource with a significant potential to be employed as a raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals given the abundant volumes globally generated, its contained diversity of functionalised chemical components and the opportunity to be utilised for higher value applications. The present manuscript is aimed to provide a general overview of the current and most innovative uses of food supply chain waste, providing a range of worldwide case-studies from around the globe. These studies will focus on examples illustrating the use of citrus peel, waste cooking oil and cashew shell nut liquid in countries such as China, the UK, Tanzania, Spain, Greece or Morocco. This work emphasises 2nd generation food waste valorisation and re-use strategies for the production of higher value and marketable products rather than conventional food waste processing (incineration for energy recovery, feed or composting) while highlighting issues linked to the use of food waste as a sustainable raw material. The influence of food regulations on food supply chain waste valorisation will also be addressed as well as our society's behavior towards food supply chain waste. “There was no ways of dealing with it that have not been known for thousands of years. These ways are essentially four: dumping it, burning it, converting it into something that can be used again, and minimizing the volume of material goods – future garbage – that is produced in the first place.” William Rathje on waste (1945–2012) – Director of the Tucson Garbage project.

Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective

Gas hydrates have received considerable attention due to their important role in flow assurance for the oil and gas industry, their extensive natural occurrence on Earth and extraterrestrial planets, and their significant applications in sustainable technologies including but not limited to gas and energy storage, gas separation, and water desalination Given not only their inherent structural flexibility depending on the type of guest gas molecules and formation conditions, but also the synthetic effects of a wide range of chemical additives on their properties, these variabilities could be exploited to optimise the role of gas hydrates This includes increasing their industrial applications, understanding and utilising their role in Nature, identifying potential methods for safely extracting natural gases stored in naturally occurring hydrates within the Earth, and for developing green technologies This review summarizes the different properties of gas hydrates as well as their formation and dissociation kinetics and then reviews the fast-growing literature reporting their role and applications in the aforementioned fields, mainly concentrating on advances during the last decade Challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of each field are briefly discussed The overall objective of this review is to provide readers with an extensive overview of gas hydrates that we hope will stimulate further work on this riveting field

Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry

Lubricants perform as anti-friction media. They facilitate smooth operations, maintain reliable machine functions, and reduce the risks of frequent failures. At present, the increasing prices of crude oil, the depletion of crude oil reserves in the world, and global concern in protecting the environment from pollution have renewed interest in developing and using environment-friendly lubricants derived from alternative sources. A biolubricant is renewable lubricants that is biodegradable, non-toxic, and emits net zero greenhouse gas. This study presents the potential of a biolubricant based on vegetable oil as an alternative lubricant according to studies published in highly rated journals in scientific indices. In the first part of this paper, the source, properties, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the biolubricant are discussed. The second part describes the potential of vegetable oil-based biolubricants as alternative lubricants for automobile applications. The final part describes the world biolubricant market and its future prospects. Biolubricants are potential alternative lubricants because of their low toxicity, good lubricating properties, high viscosity index, high ignition temperature, increased equipment service life, high load-carrying abilities, good anti-wear characteristic, excellent coefficient of friction, natural multi-grade properties, low evaporation rates, and low emissions into the atmosphere.

The prospects of biolubricants as alternatives in automotive applications

Enhancing lubricant properties by nanoparticle additives

This article addresses the issue of friction and wear characteristics of diesel engine cylinder liner–piston ring combinations under different lubricating conditions using a pin-on-disc wear tribometer. The discs were made out of actual engine cylinder liner material using a casting process. Pins were made out of top compression ring material. The tests were conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer for wear and friction characteristics of the cylinder liner and piston ring combination with diesel-contaminated rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant, diesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), biodiesel-contaminated commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40), and used (150 h) commercial synthetic lubrication oil (SAE 20W40). Experimental results demonstrated that the rapeseed oil–based bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated synthetic lubricant exhibited better performance in terms of wear, friction, and frictional force under similar operating conditions. Thus, usage of newly formul...

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

Bio-lubricant-biodiesel combination of rapeseed oil: An experimental investigation on engine oil tribology, performance, and emissions of variable compression engine

This study compared the tribological evaluation of chemically modified rapeseed oil as a potential biodegradable automotive lubricant with and without nano- and microscale titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles, focusing on the influence of TiO2 particles to improve the friction reduction and antiwear characteristics of chemically modified rapeseed oil. TiO2 nano- and microscale particles of anatase phase and rutile phase were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, the analysis of chemically modified rapeseed oil with and without TiO2 additives was carried out to determine its tribological behavior using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The experimental results showed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited good friction reduction and antiwear properties compared with the addition of microscale TiO2 and without TiO2 additives to chemically modified rapeseed oil. Nanoscale TiO2 is suitable as an antiwear additive in c...

Preliminary Study of Nano- and Microscale TiO2 Additives on Tribological Behavior of Chemically Modified Rapeseed Oil

Stainless steel (Type 316) workpiece was heated by the mixture of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and oxygen gas, and it was machined in a lathe under different cutting conditions to study the hot machining characteristics. The orthogonal turning operations were carried out on stainless steel (Type 316) using tungsten carbide (WC) cutting tool insert. During machining the cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (fs), depth of cut (a p ), and temperature of the workpiece were varied in the range of 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C. Turning experiments were designed based on the statistical three-level full factorial experimental design techniques. An artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface model (RSM) have been developed, which can predict the surface roughness of the machined workpiece. The experimental results concur well with the results obtained from the predictive models.

Evaluation of Machining Parameters of Hot Turning of Stainless Steel (Type 316) by Applying ANN and RSM

https://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3947/Mar_Pet_Geol_28_1806a.pdf?sequence=1

G. Sriram

Papers

Effect of Bio-Lubricant and Biodiesel-Contaminated Lubricant on Tribological Behavior of Cylinder Liner–Piston Ring Combination

Bio-lubricant-biodiesel combination of rapeseed oil: An experimental investigation on engine oil tribology, performance, and emissions of variable compression engine

Preliminary Study of Nano- and Microscale TiO2 Additives on Tribological Behavior of Chemically Modified Rapeseed Oil

Evaluation of Machining Parameters of Hot Turning of Stainless Steel (Type 316) by Applying ANN and RSM

Evidence of slumping/sliding in Krishna-Godavari offshore basin due to gas/fluid movements