Lee S. Shulman builds his foundation for teachi ng reform on an idea of teaching that emphasizes comprension and reasoning, transformation and reflection. "This emphasis is justified" he writes, "by the resoluteness with which research and policy have so blatantly ignored those aspects of teaching in the past". To articulate and justify this conception, Shulman responds to four questions: What are the sources of the knowledge base for teaching? In what terms can these sources be conceptualized? What are the processes of pedagogical reasoning and action? And What are the implications for teaching policy and educational reform? The answers -informed by philosophy, psychology, and a growing body of casework based on young and experienced practitioners- go far beyond current reform assumptions and initiatives. The outcome for educational practitioners, scholars,

CONOCIMIENTO Y ENSEÑANZA: FUNDAMENTOS DE LA NUEVA REFORMA 1 Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform

Lee S. Shulman builds his foundation for teaching reform on an idea of teaching that emphasizes comprehension and reasoning, transformation and reflection. "This emphasis is justified," he writes, ...

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Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform

Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

The concept of school engagement has attracted increasing attention as representing a possible antidote to declining academic motivation and achievement. Engagement is presumed to be malleable, responsive to contextual features, and amenable to environmental change. Researchers describe behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement and recommend studying engagement as a multifaceted construct. This article reviews definitions, measures, precursors, and outcomes of engagement; discusses limitations in the existing research; and suggests improvements. The authors conclude that, although much has been learned, the potential contribution of the concept of school engagement to research on student experience has yet to be realized. They call for richer characterizations of how students behave, feel, and think—research that could aid in the development of finely tuned interventions

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3516061.pdf

School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence

Research in the area of educational technology has often been critiqued for a lack of theoretical grounding. In this article we propose a conceptual framework for educational technology by building on Shulman’s formulation of ‘‘pedagogical content knowledge’’ and extend it to the phenomenon of teachers integrating technology into their pedagogy. This framework is the result of 5 years of work on a program of research focused on teacher professional development and faculty development in higher education. It attempts to capture some of the essential qualities of teacher knowledge required for technology integration in teaching, while addressing the complex, multifaceted, and situated nature of this knowledge. We argue, briefly, that thoughtful pedagogical uses of technology require the development of a complex, situated form of knowledge that we call Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). In doing so, we posit the complex roles of, and interplay among, three main components of learning environments: content, pedagogy, and technology. We argue that this model has much to offer to discussions of technology integration at multiple levels: theoretical, pedagogical, and methodological. In this article, we describe the theory behind our framework, provide examples of our teaching approach based upon the framework, and illustrate the methodological contributions that have resulted from this work.

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Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge

The cognitive skill of teaching.

This review of the introductory instructional substance of functions and graphs analyzes research on the interpretation and construction tasks associated with functions and some of their representations: algebraic, tabular, and graphical. The review also analyzes the nature of learning in terms of intuitions and misconceptions, and the plausible approaches to teaching through sequences, explanations, and examples. The topic is significant because of (a) the increased recognition of the organizing power of the concept of functions from middle school mathematics through more advanced topics in high school and college, and (b) the symbolic connections that represent potentials for increased understanding between graphical and algebraic worlds. This is a review of a specific part of the mathematics subject mailer and how it is learned and may be taught; this specificity reflects the issues raised by recent theoretical research concerning how specific context and content contribute to learning and meaning.

https://www.math.ksu.edu/~bennett/onlinehw/qcenter/lzs.pdf

Functions, Graphs, and Graphing: Tasks, Learning, and Teaching

This article charts the promissory notes and concerns related to college-level online education as reflected in the educational literature. It is argued that, to appreciate the potential and limitations of online education, we need to trace the issues that bind online education with distance education. The article reviews the history of distance education through the lenses of three historical themes—democratization, liberal education, and educational quality—and charts the current scene of online education in terms of three educational visions that may inform the development of online initiatives: the presentational view, the performance-tutoring view, and the epistemic-engagement view. The article emphasizes the potential contributions of online education to democratization and the advancement of the scholarship of teaching.

Going the Distance With Online Education

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Expertise in mathematics instruction: Subject matter knowledge.

Contents: Preface. Part I: Conversations: A Year of Learning. K. Knutson, Creating a Space for Learning: Curators, Educators and the Implied Audience. M. Abu-Shumays, G. Leinhardt, Two Docents, Three Museums: Central and Peripheral Participation. K.M. Ellenbogen, Museums in Family Life: An Ethnographic Case Study. G. Leinhardt, C. Tittle, K. Knutson, Talking to Oneself: Diaries of Museum Visits. Part II: Conversations: An Afternoon of Learning. G. Leinhardt, M. Gregg, Burning Buses, Burning Crosses: Student Teachers See Civil Rights. J. Fienberg, G. Leinhardt, Looking Through the Glass: Reflections of Identity in Conversations at a History Museum. C. Stainton, Voices and Images: Making Connections Between Identity and Art. S. Allen, Looking for Learning in Visitor Talk: A Methodological Exploration. E. Rosenthal, J. Blankman-Hetrick, Conversations Across Time: Family Learning in a Living History Museum. Part III: Conversations: A Moment of Learning. K. Crowley, M. Jacobs, Building Islands of Expertise in Everyday Family Activity. D. Ash, Negotiations of Thematic Conversations About Bioilogy. S.G. Paris, M.J. MercerFinding Self in Objects: Identity Exploration in Museums. L. Schauble, M. Gleason, R. Lehrer, K. Bartlett, A. Petrosino, A. Allen, K. Clinton, E. Ho, M. Jones, Y-S. Lee, J-A. Phillips, J. Siegler, J. Street, Supporting Science Learning in Museums.

Gaea Leinhardt

Papers

The cognitive skill of teaching.

Functions, Graphs, and Graphing: Tasks, Learning, and Teaching

Going the Distance With Online Education

Expertise in mathematics instruction: Subject matter knowledge.

Learning Conversations in Museums