2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, SCM, FAHA Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, FAHA Rajat Deo, MD, MTR Sarah D. de Ferranti, MD, MPH James Floyd, MD, MS Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Cathleen Gillespie, MS Carmen R. Isasi, MD, PhD, FAHA Monik C. Jiménez, ScD, SM Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD Suzanne E. Judd, PhD Daniel Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, MPH, FAHA Simin Liu, MD, ScD, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Rachel H. Mackey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Khurram Nasir, MD, MPH, FAHA Robert W. Neumar, MD, PhD, FAHA Latha Palaniappan, MD, MS, FAHA Dilip K. Pandey, MBBS, MS, PhD, FAHA Ravi R. Thiagarajan, MD, MPH Mathew J. Reeves, PhD Matthew Ritchey, PT, DPT, OCS, MPH Carlos J. Rodriguez, MD, MPH, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, FAHA Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, FAHA Amytis Towfighi, MD Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH Melanie B. Turner, MPH Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA Jenifer H. Voeks, PhD Joshua Z. Willey, MD, MS John T. Wilkins, MD Jason HY. Wu, MSc, PhD, FAHA Heather M. Alger, PhD Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Paul Muntner, PhD, MHSc On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/259213304/PIIS0140673620309259.pdf

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Africa is home to genetically diverse human populations. We compared the genetic structure of the Wolaita ethnic population from Southern Ethiopia (WETH, n=120) with HapMap populations using genome-wide variants. We investigated allele frequencies of 443 clinically and pharmacogenomically relevant genetic variants in WETH compared with HapMap populations. We found that WETH were genetically most similar to the Kenya Maasai and least similar to the Japanese in HapMap. Variant alleles associated with increased risk of adverse reactions to drugs used for treating tuberculosis (rs1799929 and rs1495741 in NAT2), thromboembolism (rs7294, rs9923231 and rs9934438 in VKORC1), and HIV/AIDS and solid tumors (rs2242046 in SLC28A1) had significantly higher frequencies in WETH compared with African ancestry HapMap populations. Our results illustrate that clinically relevant pharmacogenomic loci display allele frequency differences among African populations. We conclude that drug dosage guidelines for important global health diseases should be validated in genetically diverse African populations.

/pdf/clinical-and-pharmacogenomic-implications-of-genetic-151bre8l1p.pdf

Clinical and Pharmacogenomic Implications of Genetic Variation in a Southern Ethiopian Population

In terms of either research or public-health policy, podoconiosis, a non-infectious form of elephantiasis, has received little attention since the 1980s. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the results of the relevant research published in the past 2 years, in the context of the data from earlier investigations. The review concludes by indicating areas in which further investigation is necessary before robust intervention strategies, to reduce the public-health burden posed by podoconiosis, can be devised.

Recent advances in podoconiosis

BACKGROUND: 

Despite the importance of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene locus in research and clinical practice, direct HLA typing is laborious and expensive. Furthermore, the analysis requires specialized software and expertise which are unavailable in most developing country settings. Recently, in silico methods have been developed for predicting HLA alleles using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, the utility of these methods in African populations has not been systematically evaluated.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 

In the present study, we investigate prediction of HLA class II (HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1) alleles using SNPs in the Wolaita population, southern Ethiopia. The subjects comprised 297 Ethiopians with genome-wide SNP data, of whom 188 had also been HLA typed and were used for training and testing the model. The 109 subjects with SNP data alone were used for empirical prediction using the multi-allelic gene prediction method. We evaluated accuracy of the prediction, agreement between predicted and HLA typed alleles, and discriminative ability of the prediction probability supplied by the model. We found that the model predicted intermediate (two-digit) resolution for HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles at accuracy levels of 96% and 87%, respectively. All measures of performance showed high accuracy and reliability for prediction. The distribution of the majority of HLA alleles in the study was similar to that previously reported for the Oromo and Amhara ethnic groups from Ethiopia.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: 

We demonstrate that HLA class II alleles can be predicted from SNP genotype data with a high level of accuracy at intermediate (two-digit) resolution in an African population. This finding offers new opportunities for HLA studies of disease epidemiology and population genetics in developing countries

/pdf/prediction-of-hla-class-ii-alleles-using-snps-in-an-african-7g6mi60f5b.pdf

Prediction of HLA Class II Alleles Using SNPs in an African Population

Background: Studies in developed countries suggest that acetaminophen use is associated with increased risk of asthma, but it is unclear whether this association is causal. Objective: To determine the relation among acetaminophen use, asthma, and allergy, and to explore potential biases in acetaminophen use, in a developing country population. Methods: We surveyed 7649 adults and children from Butajira, Ethiopia, collecting data on self-reported symptoms of allergic disease, skin sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and cockroach, acetaminophen use, and potential confounders. We then collected detailed data on indications for acetaminophen use and reasons for aspirin avoidance in a nested follow-up study. Results: Allergic symptoms increased significantly with frequency of acetaminophen use, with odds ratios in those using >3 tablets in the past month relative to none 1.89 (95% CI, 1.512.36) for wheeze, 2.14 (1.72-2.67) for nocturnal shortness of breath, 2.52 (1.99-3.20) for rhinitis, and 1.90 (1.39-2.61) for eczema. Cockroach sensitization was also more common in the highest acetaminophen category (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10-1.79), but D pteronyssinus sensitization was not. Less than 1% of participants with asthma or wheeze in our nested study reported avoidance of aspirin because of asthma symptoms. None volunteered using acetaminophen to treat allergic symptoms. Conclusion: There is a dose-related association between acetaminophen use and self-reported allergic symptoms in this population that is not a result of aspirin avoidance, reverse causation, or other bias. Acetaminophen may therefore be involved in the etiology of asthma and allergic disease. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;116:863-8.) Evidence is accumulating that use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) may increase the risk of asthma and other allergic disease. In an international ecological study, acetaminophen sales were correlated with the prevalence of asthma, eczema, and rhinitis in children and/or adults 1 ; a case-control study of adults in the United Kingdom demonstrated an exposure-response association between acetaminophen intake and self-reported asthma symptoms 2 ; and a survey from New Zealand reported associations between acetaminophen use and wheezing, asthma, eczema, and rhinitis in children. 3 Recently, a crosssectional analysis of adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III survey showed acetaminophen to be related to an increased risk of asthma and chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseaseandtoreducedlung function, 4 and a prospective study of United States nurses

https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(05)01473-9/pdf

Original articles Use of acetaminophen and the risk of self-reported allergic symptoms and skin sensitization in Butajira, Ethiopia

Background Mini-mental state Exam (MMSE) is the most frequently used instrument to test cognitive function in Ethiopia. But there is little or no attempt to interpret the MMSE score in accordance to age and educational level of the individual. The cut off scores developed and used elsewhere may result in falsely high number of screen positives in our setup. Objective To determine the percentile distribution of MMSE scores and to examine the association between the MMSE score and demographic variables of interest. Methods Cross sectional survey was made in household inhabitants selected by systematic random sampling at Butajira town, Ethiopia. The MMSE was administered to 1560 subjects through a structured questionnaire. Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to see the association between the MMSE score and demographic variables of interest. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was done to determine variables that were independent predictors of the MMSE score. The weighted percentile distribution was calculated for those variables that were found to be independent predictors of MMSE sore. The percentile distribution was further customized by age and educational level Results The MMSE score showed association with educational level, gender, proficiency in the test language and marital status but only educational status, gender and proficiency in the test language were the independent predictors ofMMSE score on the regression model. Conclusion In the Ethiopian setup considerations should be given to the individuals' educational level, gender and proficiency in the test language before interpreting MMSE Score.

Gail Davey

Papers

Clinical and Pharmacogenomic Implications of Genetic Variation in a Southern Ethiopian Population

Recent advances in podoconiosis

Prediction of HLA Class II Alleles Using SNPs in an African Population

Original articles Use of acetaminophen and the risk of self-reported allergic symptoms and skin sensitization in Butajira, Ethiopia

Population norms for the mini-mental state examination in Ethiopia.