Showing papers by "Gail McKoon published in 1986"
TL;DR: Results suggest that readers encode these inferences into memory only minimally, but that they can make use of a cue word that represents the inference both at the time of an immediate test and in delayed cued recall.
Abstract: If someone falls off of a 14th story roof, very predictably death will result. The conditions under which readers appear to infer such predictable outcomes were examined with three different retrieval paradigms: immediate recognition test, cued recall, and priming in word recognition. On immediate test, responses to a word representing the implicit outcome (e.g., dead) were slow, but on delayed test these responses were slow or inaccurate only when primed by an explicitly stated word. However, the word expressing the predictable outcome did function as an effective recall cue. Results suggest that readers encode these inferences into memory only minimally, but that they can make use of a cue word that represents the inference (e.g., dead) both at the time of an immediate test and in delayed cued recall.
417 citations
TL;DR: Opposition evidence is presented that invalidates many of the distinguishing features and contradicts interpretations of the supporting experiments that support the distinction between episodic and semantic memory systems.
Abstract: Tulving (1983, 1984) has recently claimed that a wide range of evidence supports the distinction between episodic and semantic memory systems. He has provided a list of features to describe the differences between the two systems and a set of experimental results to demonstrate the distinction. In this article, we present opposing evidence that invalidates many of the distinguishing features and contradicts interpretations of the supporting experiments. In addition, we argue that the question of whether there are two separate memory systems cannot be answered without a specific theory about the differences between the systems.
154 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that, during reading of an episode, thematic information may be encoded so as to lead to activation of similar episodes and formation of connections in memory between episodes, but such encoding is not automatic and depends on subjects' strategies and task difficulty.
Abstract: Recent theories about the representation of thematic information in memory propose that two episodes that share a theme are connected together through a thematic structure We investigated the use of such cross-episode connections in comprehension and memory in six experiments Experiments 1 and 2 used a priming technique; it was found that verification time for a test sentence from one story was speeded by an immediately preceding test sentence from a thematically similar story but only when subjects were given instructions to rate the similarities of the stories In the remaining experiments, a single test sentence was presented immediately after a story was read, with timing controlled by presenting the story one word at a time Response time for a test sentence from a previously read story was facilitated if the immediately preceding story was thematically similar, but only if the previously read story was extensively prestudied We conclude that, during reading of an episode, thematic information may be encoded so as to lead to activation of similar episodes and formation of connections in memory between episodes, but such encoding is not automatic and depends on subjects' strategies and task difficulty
112 citations
TL;DR: In this article, four experiments were presented in which priming between newly learned associates and well-known associates were examined in lexical decision, including conditions in which the Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between prime and target was short (150 ms) and the probability was low (1/12).
Abstract: Four experiments are presented in which priming between newly learned associates and priming between well-known associates were examined in lexical decision All four experiments found priming between newly learned associates, including conditions in which the Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between prime and target was short (150 ms) and in which the probability was low (1/12) that the prime and target of a pair would be associated to each other It was concluded, contrary to suggestions by Carroll and Kirsner (1982) and Tulving (1983), that newly learned associates can prime each other, and that they can do so at short SOAs
67 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the classification methods proposed by Tulving (1986) may be detrimental to the advancement of theory and that whole domains of inquiry should not be excluded from the usual criteria of experimental psychology.
Abstract: In reply to a critique of the episodic/semantic distinction (McKoon, Ratcliff, & Dell, 1986), Tulving (1986) argues that the usual rules for testing theories do not apply to the classification of phenomena with respect to memory systems. But we respond that the classification methods proposed by Tulving (1986) may be detrimental to the advancement of theory and that whole domains of inquiry should not be excluded from the usual criteria of experimental psychology.
27 citations