According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

Many interventions found to be effective in health services research studies fail to translate into meaningful patient care outcomes across multiple contexts. Health services researchers recognize the need to evaluate not only summative outcomes but also formative outcomes to assess the extent to which implementation is effective in a specific setting, prolongs sustainability, and promotes dissemination into other settings. Many implementation theories have been published to help promote effective implementation. However, they overlap considerably in the constructs included in individual theories, and a comparison of theories reveals that each is missing important constructs included in other theories. In addition, terminology and definitions are not consistent across theories. We describe the Consolidated Framework For Implementation Research (CFIR) that offers an overarching typology to promote implementation theory development and verification about what works where and why across multiple contexts. We used a snowball sampling approach to identify published theories that were evaluated to identify constructs based on strength of conceptual or empirical support for influence on implementation, consistency in definitions, alignment with our own findings, and potential for measurement. We combined constructs across published theories that had different labels but were redundant or overlapping in definition, and we parsed apart constructs that conflated underlying concepts. The CFIR is composed of five major domains: intervention characteristics, outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the individuals involved, and the process of implementation. Eight constructs were identified related to the intervention (e.g., evidence strength and quality), four constructs were identified related to outer setting (e.g., patient needs and resources), 12 constructs were identified related to inner setting (e.g., culture, leadership engagement), five constructs were identified related to individual characteristics, and eight constructs were identified related to process (e.g., plan, evaluate, and reflect). We present explicit definitions for each construct. The CFIR provides a pragmatic structure for approaching complex, interacting, multi-level, and transient states of constructs in the real world by embracing, consolidating, and unifying key constructs from published implementation theories. It can be used to guide formative evaluations and build the implementation knowledge base across multiple studies and settings.

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Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science

The Personal Interview

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

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Social capital: a theory of social structure and action

Missing input values weaken the ability of information systems (IS) researchers to make calculations, thereby reducing effective sample sizes and statistical power. Such technical problems with data cascade into scientific limitations resulting in the neglect of social and economic issues. Therefore, extensive missing values in data forces researchers to make crucial decisions, such as whether to impute and if so, what strategy to use. This study presents a single imputation approach that integrates and extends best practices for mitigating the effects of missing values. Using an array of missing value situations, we illustrate the Regression Imputation Optimizing Sample Size and Emulation (RIOSSE) method. The approach involves the derivation of an imputation model for each low-sample variable that leverages information available in large-sample sized inputs within the same data source. RIOSSE derives imputation equations with two competing goals in mind: 1) statistical power and 2) emulation. Direct comparisons demonstrate that RIOSSE is superior to three prominent multiple imputation methods (K-Nearest Neighbor, missForest, and LASSO) in two criteria each for achieving statistical power (parsimoniousness and sample size) and emulation (predictiveness and content validity). Further, 5-fold cross validation validated the head-to-head goal criteria comparisons. The paper contributes 1) a description of the RIOSSE method, 2) new imputation performance metrics and visualizations, 3) comparisons of our proposed method to three prominent multiple imputation methods, and 4) specified imputation models for 30 commonly used inputs to firm performance calculations.

Regression imputation optimizing sample size and emulation: Demonstrations and comparisons to prominent methods

A powerful software algorithm is utilized for a variety of video-enhancing applications.

Video image stabilization and registration technology

Social networking site (SNS) use decisions have led to major economic and social transformations worldwide. While many organizations seek to use SNSs from a strategic perspective to reach their customer, it is important to understand what makes SNSs successful in order to use them for competitive purposes. The current research evaluates the influence of the social capital theory on SNS success measures. A model was developed and empirically tested using two data samples to ensure valid and reliable results for success of SNSs. The results display the importance of social capital in SNS success followed by practitioner and academic implications.

An Empirical Study Evaluating Social Networking Continuance and Success

Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a promising class of high-speed wireless communications applications that is projected to significantly change local and wide area network architectures. This article describes the technology, its probable application areas, the environmental forces that are constraining and enabling commercialization, and the prospects for short-term growth for UWB services. Commercial sale and distribution of UWB products has been approved, and widespread sale is expected by 2007. INTRODUCTION PulsON, invented by Larry Fullerton in 1987, is an ultra-wide band (UWB) data transmission method that promises to dramatically change the face of wireless communications (IEEE, 2003). The innovation is so significant that industry observers have hailed Fullerton as a modern-day Thomas Edison (Maney, 1999). The future of UWB (bandwidths contained in the 650 MHz to 5 GHz frequency range) depends almost exclusively on his company, Time Domain Corporation (http://www.time-domain.com/) in Huntsville, AL. UWB allows for highly efficient use of the entire frequency spectrum by simultaneously transmitting signals on multiple frequencies: each half nanosecond (a billionth of a second) pulse contains many frequencies at once. Figure 1 depicts traditional continuous sine waves transmit information through the modulation of the wave's amplitude or frequency. Sine waves are physically limited in information capacity and number of users. Figure 1: Wireless Transmission Using Traditional Continuous Sine Waves. Figure 2 illustrates how 40 million coded pulses per second are used in UWB, which transmits more data and supports essentially unlimited users. Since UWB pulses are so brief and are sent at unset time intervals, normal radio receivers treat them as noise and filter them out. Most importantly to its users, UWB transmissions are received without interference from conventional transmissions. Thus, it can share spectrum with other applications. For an in-depth description of this technology, see Siwiak and Withington (Siwiak, 2001). G. Templeton & M. Schmidt 2005 Volume 14, Number 3 68 Figure 2: Wireless Transmission Using Coded Pulses. PulsON promises new forthcoming patents, methods, and applications, but more significantly informs us on how to use the spectrum of available communications frequencies. In applications, it does not require an assigned frequency or a power amplifier and requires a very low-power signal (1/500 of the energy currently needed for cellular communications). The result is a potential paradigm shift in wireless communications for local or wide area applications. A handful of strategically significant issues have threatened to undermine the commercial evolution of PulsON and although Fullerton and Time Domain have made significant progress, several barriers remain (Aiello and Rogerson, 2003). UWB APPLICATIONS For short distance transmissions, PulsON is superior because it is very effective at penetrating doors, walls, and other obstacles over a distance of up to 230 feet. For wide areas, PulsON has the potential to supplant existing GPS protocols because it is far more precise. To put it into perspective, PulsON not only can easily see the famous Stealth fighter, it can tell if its wing flaps are up or down. Several prototypes have been built using UWB, although no applications are currently on the market. The short-term future of UWB depends on what applications into which it initially gets built. Approximately 95% of UWB applications will be indoors, underground, and in noisy environments, as it will set free multiple tens of megabits in bandwidth in small areas. The advantage of UWB in small spaces is that it can leverage off multi-path (where the signal bounces off local objects during propagation) environments. There are four primary application areas for UWB: Radar UWB signals allow users to better observe objects behind coverings, including brick, concrete, and metal walls. One application of UWB is underground radar to find gold that has previously been undetectable. Zircon (http://www.zircon.com/) has plans for building high-precision stud-finders used in industrial construction. UWB can be used to create a ‘radar bubble’ to be used in intrusion tracking. Existing prototypes can detect gunfire orientation and the orientation of laser pointers used on rifles. Other applications are medical imaging and groundpenetrating radar. Data Transmission The low power required by the PulsON architecture allows for the digital transmission of information at extremely high rates at low cost. Example applications are a refrigerator that can communicate to a local repair shop that it needs service and wireless tracking of children, golf carts, consumer goods, and materials in production. Once the UWB standard has been approved, the market for PAN (personal area networks) applications will just begin. One implication of UWB-based PAN is cable (i.e., USB or Firewire) replacement. Motion Detection Time Domain’s RadarVision helps the user locate moving objects by tracking precise real-time directional information. A Critical Time for Ultra-Wide Band Journal of International Technology and Information Management

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A Critical Time for Ultra-Wide Band

Due to the increased global reliance on information technology, and the prominence of information resources value, identity theft is a problem domain effecting millions of computer users annually. The realities of identity theft are highly visible in the global media, although empirical investigations on the topic are limited. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze perceptions of personal information (e.g., identity) as it relates to perceived threats, mitigation, perceived risks, and intended safe information practice intentions. We propose a risk analysis model based on theoretical variables that have been researched and extensively used in both government and private sector organizations. The model is empirically tested using LISREL to perform structural equation modeling. Findings indicate support for a relationship between risk and both 1) behavioral intentions to perform safe information practices and 2) personal information asset value.

https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1278&context=amcis2008

Gary F. Templeton

Papers

Regression imputation optimizing sample size and emulation: Demonstrations and comparisons to prominent methods

Video image stabilization and registration technology

An Empirical Study Evaluating Social Networking Continuance and Success

A Critical Time for Ultra-Wide Band

Securing Personal Information Assets: Testing Antecedents of Behavioral Intentions