1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

This paper aims to clarify the meaning, and explain the utility, of the case study method, a method often practiced but little understood. A “case study,” I argue, is best defined as an intensive study of a single unit with an aim to generalize across a larger set of units. Case studies rely on the same sort of covariational evidence utilized in non-case study research. Thus, the case study method is correctly understood as a particular way of defining cases, not a way of analyzing cases or a way of modeling causal relations. I show that this understanding of the subject illuminates some of the persistent ambiguities of case study work, ambiguities that are, to some extent, intrinsic to the enterprise. The travails of the case study within the discipline of political science are also rooted in an insufficient appreciation of the methodological tradeoffs that this method calls forth. This paper presents the familiar contrast between case study and non-case study work as a series of characteristic strengths and weaknesses—affinities—rather than as antagonistic approaches to the empirical world. In the end, the perceived hostility between case study and non-case study research is largely unjustified and, perhaps, deserves to be regarded as a misconception. Indeed, the strongest conclusion to arise from this methodological examination concerns the complementarity of single-unit and cross-unit research designs.

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What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for

How can scholars select cases from a large universe for in-depth case study analysis? Random sampling is not typically a viable approach when the total number of cases to be selected is small. Hence attention to purposive modes of sampling is needed. Yet, while the existing qualitative literature on case selection offers a wide range of suggestions for case selection, most techniques discussed require in-depth familiarity of each case. Seven case selection procedures are considered, each of which facilitates a different strategy for within-case analysis. The case selection procedures considered focus on typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, most similar, and most different cases. For each case selection procedure, quantitative approaches are discussed that meet the goals of the approach, while still requiring information that can reasonably be gathered for a large number of cases.

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Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options

Researchers typically analyze time-series-cross-section data with a binary dependent
variable (BTSCS) using ordinary logit or probit. However, BTSCS observations are
likely to violate the independence assumption of the ordinary logit or probit statistical
model. It is well known that if the observations are temporally related that the results of
an ordinary logit or probit analysis may be misleading. In this paper, we provide a simple
diagnostic for temporal dependence and a simple remedy. Our remedy is based on the
idea that BTSCS data are identical to grouped duration data. This remedy does not require
the BTSCS analyst to acquire any further methodological skills, and it can be easily
implemented in any standard statistical software package. While our approach is suitable
for any type of BTSCS data, we provide examples and applications from the field of
International Relations, where BTSCS data are frequently used. We use our methodology
to reassess Oneal and Russett's (1997) findings regarding the relationship between economic
interdependence, democracy, and peace. Our analyses show that (1) their finding
that economic interdependence is associated with peace is an artifact of their failure to
account for temporal dependence yet (2) their finding that democracy inhibits conflict is
upheld even taking duration dependence into account.

Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter One: Introduction 1 PART ONE: THEORETICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTS 25 Chapter Two: Structuring and Theorizing Concepts 27 Chapter Three: Concept Intension and Extension 69 Chapter Four: Increasing Concept-Measure Consistency 95 Chapter Five: Substitutability and Weakest-Link Measures with William F. Dixon 129 PART TWO: CONCEPTS AND CASE SELECTION 157 Chapter Six: Concepts and Selecting (on) the Dependent Variable with J. Joseph Hewitt 159 Chapter Seven: Negative Case Selection: The Possibility Principle with James Mahoney 177 Chapter Eight: Concepts and Choosing Populations with J.Joseph Hewitt 211 PART THREE: CONCEPTS INTHEORIES 235 Chapter Nine: Concepts in Theories: Two-Level Theories with James Mahoney 237 References 269 Exercises and Web Site 289 Index 291

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Social Science Concepts: A User's Guide

The quantitative and qualitative research traditions can be thought of as distinct cultures marked by different values, beliefs, and norms. In this essay, we adopt this metaphor toward the end of contrasting these research traditions across 10 areas: (1) approaches to explanation, (2) conceptions of causation, (3) multivariate explanations, (4) equifinality, (5) scope and causal generalization, (6) case selection, (7) weighting observations, (8) substantively important cases, (9) lack of fit, and (10) concepts and measurement. We suggest that an appreciation of the alternative assumptions and goals of the traditions can help scholars avoid misunderstandings and contribute to more productive “cross-cultural” communication in political science.

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A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research

This book provides the first detailed analysis of international rivalries, the long-standing and often violent confrontations between the same pairs of states. The book addresses conceptual components of rivalries and explores the origins, dynamics, and termination of the most dangerous form of rivalry--enduring rivalry--since 1816.Paul Diehl and Gary Goertz identify 1166 rivalries since 1816. They label sixty-three of those as enduring rivalries. These include the competitions between the United States and Soviet Union, India and Pakistan, and Israel and her Arab neighbors. The authors explain how rivalries form, evolve, and end.The first part of the book deals with how to conceptualize and measure rivalries and presents empirical patterns among rivalries in the period 1816-1992. The concepts derived from the study of rivalries are then used to reexamine two central pieces of international relations research, namely deterrence and "democratic peace" studies. The second half of the book builds an explanation of enduring rivalries based on a theory adapted from evolutionary biology, "punctuated equilibrium."The study of international rivalries has become one of the centerpieces of behavioral research on international conflict. This book, by two of the scholars who pioneered such studies, is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject. It will become the standard reference for all future studies of rivalries.Paul F. Diehl is Professor of Political Science and University Distinguished Teacher/Scholar, University of Illinois. He is the coeditor of "Reconstructing Realpolitik" and coauthor of "Measuring the Correlates of War." Gary Goertz is Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Arizona, and is the coauthor with Paul Diehl "of Territorial Change and International Conflict."

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War and peace in international rivalry

A tale of two cultures: qualitative and quantitative research in the social sciences and Social science concepts: a user's guide and Explaining war and peace: case studies and necessary condition counterfactuals and Case studies, causal mechanisms, and selecting cases

A central challenge in qualitative research is selecting the “negative” cases (e.g., nonrevolutions, nonwars) to be included in analyses that seek to explain positive outcomes of interest (e.g., revolutions, wars). Although it is widely recognized that the selection of negative cases is consequential for theory testing, methodologists have yet to formulate specific rules to inform this selection process. In this paper, we propose a principle—the Possibility Principle—that provides explicit, rigorous, and theoretically informed guidelines for choosing a set of negative cases. The Possibility Principle advises researchers to select only negative cases where the outcome of interest is possible. Our discussion elaborates this principle and its implications for current debates about case selection and strategies of theory testing. Major points are illustrated with substantive examples from studies of revolution, economic growth, welfare states, and war.

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Gary Goertz

Papers

Social Science Concepts: A User's Guide

A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research

War and peace in international rivalry

A tale of two cultures: qualitative and quantitative research in the social sciences and Social science concepts: a user's guide and Explaining war and peace: case studies and necessary condition counterfactuals and Case studies, causal mechanisms, and selecting cases

The Possibility Principle: Choosing Negative Cases in Comparative Research