 Many atmospheric chemicals occur in the gas phase as well as in liquid cloud droplets and aerosol particles Therefore, it is necessary to understand the distribution between the phases According to Henry's law, the equilibrium ratio between the abundances in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase is constant for a dilute solution Henry's law constants of trace gases of potential importance in environmental chemistry have been collected and converted into a uniform format The compilation contains 17 350 values of Henry's law constants for 4632 species, collected from 689 references It is also available at http://wwwhenrys-laworg 

/pdf/compilation-of-henry-s-law-constants-version-4-0-for-water-58il9q0ogv.pdf

Compilation of Henry's law constants (version 4.0) for water as solvent

Nature And Properties Of Soils

http://sealight.persiangig.com/document/1.pdf

Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: a review.

The environmental fate of phthalate esters: A literature review

Nutrient requirements of beef cattle

https://stormwater.ucf.edu/fileRepository/docs/chemicaltreatment/documents/Agyin-Birikorang%20and%20O'Connor,%202008.pdf

Aging effects on reactivity of an aluminum-based drinking-water treatment residual as a soil amendment

Water treatment residuals (WTR) are useful soil amendments to control excessive soluble phosphorus (P) in soils, but indiscriminate additions can result in inadequate control or excessive immobilization of soluble P, leading to crop deficiencies. We evaluated the influence of application rates of an Al-WTR and various P-sources on plant yields, tissue P concentrations, and P uptake and attempted to identify a basis for determining WTR application rates. Bahiagrass (paspalum notatum Fluggae) was grown in a P-deficient soil amended with four P-sources at two application levels (N- and P-based rates) and three WTR rates (0, 10, and 25 g kg(-1) oven dry basis) in a glasshouse pot experiment. The glasshouse results were compared with data from a 2-yr field experiment with similar treatments that were surface applied to an established bahiagrass. Soil P storage capacity (SPSC) values increased with application rate of WTR, and the increase varied with sources of P applied. Soil soluble P concentrations increased as SPSC was reduced, and a change point was identified at 0 mg kg(-1) SPSC in the glasshouse and the field studies. A change point was identified in the bahiagrass yields at a tissue P concentration of 2.0 g kg(-1), corresponding to zero SPSC. Zero SPSC was shown to be an agronomic threshold above which yields and P concentrations of plants declined and below which there is little or no yield response to increased plant P concentrations. Applying P-sources at N-based rates, along with WTR sufficient to give SPSC value of 0 mg kg(-1) SPSC, enhanced the environmental benefits (reduced P loss potential) without negative agronomic impacts.

Controlled application rate of water treatment residual for agronomic and environmental benefits.

Land application is an efficient and cost-effective method of sludge disposal that also recycles essential nutrients to the soil. Sludge additions can also improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, albeit at high initial or cumulative application rates. Thus, land application of sludge in the agricultural sector is responsive to the policy of U.S. EPA (40 CFR 503, 1989) of promoting beneficial use of sewage sludge. Concern about the environmental fate of toxic organic (TOs) that can occur in sludges, however, threatens routine use of the practice.

Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics

Land application of biosolids can constitute an important source of triclosan (TCS) input to soils, with uncertain effects. Several studies have investigated the degradation potential of TCS in biosolids-amended soils, but the results vary widely. We conducted a laboratory degradation study by mixing biosolids spiked with [14C]-TCS (final concentration = 40 mg/kg) with Immokalee fine sand and Ashkum silty clay loam soils at an agronomic application rate (22 Mg/ha). Biosolids-amended soils were aerobically incubated in biotic and inhibited conditions for 18 weeks. Subsamples removed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 weeks were sequentially extracted with an operationally defined extraction scheme to determine labile and nonlabile TCS fractions. Over the 18-week incubation, the proportion of [14C] in the nonlabile fraction increased and the labile fraction decreased, suggesting decreasing availability to biota. Partitioning of TCS into labile and nonlabile fractions depended on soil characteristics. Less than 0.5% of [14C]-TCS was mineralized to carbon dioxide (14CO2) in both soils and all treatments. A degradation metabolite, methyl triclosan (Me-TCS), was identified in both soils only in the biotic treatment, and increased in concentration over time. Even under biotic conditions, biosolids-borne TCS is persistent, with a primary degradation (TCS to Me-TCS) half-life of 78 d in the silty clay loam and 421 d in the fine sand. A half-life of approximately 100 d would be a conservative first approximation of TCS half-life in biosolids-amended soils for risk estimation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2488–2496. © 2011 SETAC

Biodegradation of triclosan in biosolids-amended soils.

Triclosan (TCS) is a common constituent of personal care products and is frequently present in biosolids Application of biosolids to land transfers significant amounts of TCS to soils Because TCS is an antimicrobial and is toxic to some aquatic organisms, concern has arisen that TCS may adversely affect soil organisms The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of biosolids-borne TCS in terrestrial micro- and macro-organisms (earthworms) Studies were conducted in two biosolids-amended soils (sand, silty clay loam), following US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) guidelines At the concentrations tested herein, microbial toxicity tests suggested no adverse effects of TCS on microbial respiration, ammonification, and nitrification The no observed effect concentration for TCS for microbial processes was 10 mg/kg soil Earthworm subchronic toxicity tests showed that biosolids-borne TCS was not toxic to earthworms at the concentrations tested herein The estimated TCS earthworm lethal concentration (LC50) was greater than 1 mg/kg soil Greater TCS accumulation was observed in earthworms incubated in a silty clay loam soil (bioaccumulation factor [BAF] = 12 ± 31) than in a sand (BAF = 65 ± 084) Field-collected earthworms had a significantly smaller BAF value (43 ± 07) than our laboratory values (65–120) The BAF values varied significantly with exposure conditions (eg, soil characteristics, laboratory vs field conditions); however, a value of 10 represents a reasonable first approximation for risk assessment purposes Environ Toxicol Chem 2012;31:646–653 © 2011 SETAC

George A. O'Connor

Papers

Aging effects on reactivity of an aluminum-based drinking-water treatment residual as a soil amendment

Controlled application rate of water treatment residual for agronomic and environmental benefits.

Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics

Biodegradation of triclosan in biosolids-amended soils.

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne triclosan in terrestrial organisms