Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

This paper surveys the field of augmented reality AR, in which 3D virtual objects are integrated into a 3D real environment in real time. It describes the medical, manufacturing, visualization, path planning, entertainment, and military applications that have been explored. This paper describes the characteristics of augmented reality systems, including a detailed discussion of the tradeoffs between optical and video blending approaches. Registration and sensing errors are two of the biggest problems in building effective augmented reality systems, so this paper summarizes current efforts to overcome these problems. Future directions and areas requiring further research are discussed. This survey provides a starting point for anyone interested in researching or using augmented reality.

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A survey of augmented reality

This paper presents our vision of Human Computer Interaction (HCI): "Tangible Bits." Tangible Bits allows users to "grasp & manipulate" bits in the center of users’ attention by coupling the bits with everyday physical objects and architectural surfaces. Tangible Bits also enables users to be aware of background bits at the periphery of human perception using ambient display media such as light, sound, airflow, and water movement in an augmented space. The goal of Tangible Bits is to bridge the gaps between both cyberspace and the physical environment, as well as the foreground and background of human activities. This paper describes three key concepts of Tangible Bits: interactive surfaces; the coupling of bits with graspable physical objects; and ambient media for background awareness. We illustrate these concepts with three prototype systems ‐ the metaDESK, transBOARD and ambientROOM ‐ to identify underlying research issues.

http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~ullmer/papers/tangible-bits.pdf

Tangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms

This paper reviews peer-reviewed empirical studies on gamification. We create a framework for examining the effects of gamification by drawing from the definitions of gamification and the discussion on motivational affordances. The literature review covers results, independent variables (examined motivational affordances), dependent variables (examined psychological/behavioral outcomes from gamification), the contexts of gamification, and types of studies performed on the gamified systems. The paper examines the state of current research on the topic and points out gaps in existing literature. The review indicates that gamification provides positive effects, however, the effects are greatly dependent on the context in which the gamification is being implemented, as well as on the users using it. The findings of the review provide insight for further studies as well as for the design of gamified systems.

/pdf/does-gamification-work-a-literature-review-of-empirical-3d9hukqa8z.pdf

Does Gamification Work? -- A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification

Context-aware computing is a mobile computing paradigm in which applications can discover and take advantage of contextual information (such as user location, time of day, nearby people and devices, and user activity) Since it was proposed about a decade ago, many researchers have studied this topic and built several context-aware applications to demonstrate the usefulness of this new technology Context-aware applications (or the system infrastructure to support them), however, have never been widely available to everyday users In this survey of research on context-aware systems and applications, we looked in depth at the types of context used and models of context information, at systems that support collecting and disseminating context, and at applications that adapt to the changing context Through this survey, it is clear that context-aware research is an old but rich area for research The difficulties and possible solutions we outline serve as guidance for researchers hoping to make context-aware computing a reality

/pdf/a-survey-of-context-aware-mobile-computing-research-1c5wp0noju.pdf

A Survey of Context-Aware Mobile Computing Research

We introduce the concept of Graspable User Interfaces that allow direct control of electronic or virtual objects through physical handles for control. These physical artifacts, which we call "bricks," are essentially new input devices that can be tightly coupled or “attached” to virtual objects for manipulation or for expressing action (e.g., to set parameters or for initiating processes). Our bricks operate on top of a large horizontal display surface known as the "ActiveDesk." We present four stages in the development of Graspable UIs: (1) a series of exploratory studies on hand gestures and grasping; (2) interaction simulations using mock-ups and rapid prototyping tools; (3) a working prototype and sample application called GraspDraw; and (4) the initial integrating of the Graspable UI concepts into a commercial application. Finally, we conclude by presenting a design space for Bricks which lay the foundation for further exploring and developing Graspable User Interfaces.

/pdf/bricks-laying-the-foundations-for-graspable-user-interfaces-u3epik5896.pdf

Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces

article in this issue) will further these abilities and cause the generation of short-range and global electronic information spaces to appear lhroughout our everyday environments. How will this information be organized, and how will we interact with it? Wherever possible, we should look for ways of associating electronic information with physical objects in our environment. This raeans that our information spaces will be 3D. The SemNet system [4] is an example of a tool that offers users access to large, complicated 3D information spaces. Our goal is to go a step further by grounding and situating the information in a physical context to provide additional understanding of the organization of the space and to improve user orientation. As an example of ubiquitous computing and situated information spaces, consider a fax machine. The electronic data associated with a fax machine should be collecl:ed, associated , and colocated with [he physical device (see Figure 1). This means that your personal electronic phone book, a log of your incoming and outgoing calls, and fax messages could be accessible by browsing a situated 3D electronic information space surrounding the fax machine. The information would be organized by the layout of the physical device. Incoming calls would be located near 1:he earpiece of the hand receiver while outgoing calls would be situated near the mouthpiece. The phone, book could be found near the keypad. A log of the outgoing fax messages would be found near the fax paper feeder while a log of the incoming faxes would be located at the paper dispenser tray. These logical information hot spots on the physical device can be moved and customized by users according to their personal organizations. The key idea is that the physical object anchors the information, provides a logical means of partitioning and organizing the associated information space, and serves as a retrieval cue for users. A major design requirement of situated information spaces is the ability for users to visualize, browse, and manipulate the 3D space using a ,.RoE.ALL-portable, palmtop computer. That is, instead of a large fixed display on a desk, we want a small, mobile display to act as a window onto the information space. Since the information spaces will consist of multimedia data, the display of the palmtop should be able to handle all forms of data including text, graphics, video, and audio. Moreover, the desire to merge the physical and …

Situated information spaces and spatially aware palmtop computers

It is well-accepted that learnability is an important aspect of usability, yet there is little agreement as to how learnability should be defined, measured, and evaluated. In this paper, we present a survey of the previous definitions, metrics, and evaluation methodologies which have been used for software learnability. Our survey of evaluation methodologies leads us to a new question-suggestion protocol, which, in a user study, was shown to expose a significantly higher number of learnability issues in comparison to a more traditional think-aloud protocol. Based on the issues identified in our study, we present a classification system of learnability issues, and demonstrate how these categories can lead to guidelines for addressing the associated challenges.

/pdf/a-survey-of-software-learnability-metrics-methodologies-and-1vty19ou5i.pdf

A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines

YouMove is a novel system that allows users to record and learn physical movement sequences. The recording system is designed to be simple, allowing anyone to create and share training content. The training system uses recorded data to train the user using a large-scale augmented reality mirror. The system trains the user through a series of stages that gradually reduce the user's reliance on guidance and feedback. This paper discusses the design and implementation of YouMove and its interactive mirror. We also present a user study in which YouMove was shown to improve learning and short-term retention by a factor of 2 compared to a traditional video demonstration.

YouMove: enhancing movement training with an augmented reality mirror

An experimental GUI paradigm is presented which is based on the design goals of maximizing the amount of screen used for application data, reducing the amount that the UI diverts visual attentions from the application data, and increasing the quality of input. In pursuit of these goals, we integrated the non-standard UI technologies of multi-sensor tablets, toolglass, transparent UI components, and marking menus. We describe a working prototype of our new paradigm, the rationale behind it and our experiences introducing it into an existing application. Finally, we presents some ot the lessons learned: prototypes are useful to break the barriers imposed by conventional GUI design and some of their ideas can still be retrofitted seamlessly into products. Furthermore, the added functionality is not measured only in terms of user performance, but also by the quality of interaction, which allows artists to create new graphic vocabularies and graphic styles.

/pdf/the-design-of-a-gui-paradigm-based-on-tablets-two-hands-and-54x4aqx0jb.pdf

George Fitzmaurice

Papers

Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces

Situated information spaces and spatially aware palmtop computers

A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines

YouMove: enhancing movement training with an augmented reality mirror

The design of a GUI paradigm based on tablets, two-hands, and transparency