The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence, 4th ed.

CHAPTER I. EXTENSION OF THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY A. Critique of classical validity concept B. Construct validity : elucidation of terms -------------______----------------.---.-----------CHAPTER 11. RELATION OF TEST BEHAVIOR TO THEORY A. Test responses as signs and as samples B. The problem of homogeneity ___._____.____.------------.---------------------------------------C. Observation prior to measurement D. The psychology of objective test behavior CHAPTER 111. COMPONENTS OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY -_.----------------------------------------A. Substantive component --_._.________--------------.-------------------------------------.----------1. Use of content in item selection . . a. Content valldlty b. Empirical keying ----_-____--_-.------------------------------------------------2. The universe and the pool _.__._______-------------------------------------------------3. The concept of substantive validity ----------___-_-_---------------7--------------B. Structural component __.__.___---_-_____--------.---------------------------------------------------1. The concept of structural validity 2. Some kinds of structure -

Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory.

A Brief History of the Oregan Model, Gerald R. Patterson et al The Early Development of Coercive Family Process, Gerald R. Patterson Social Contextual Factors and Competence in Early Development, Leslie D. Leve et al Reinforcement and Coercion Mechanisms in the Development of Antisocial Behaviour - The Family, James Snyder and Mike Stoolmiller Reinforcement and Coercion Mechanisms in the Development of Antisocial Behaviour - Peer Relationships, James Snyder Contextual Risk Across the Early Life Span and Association With Antisocial Behaviour, D.M. Capaldi et al A Developmental Model For Early-and Late-Onset Delinquincy, Gerald R. Patterson and Karen Yoerger Coercive Family Processes and Adolescent Depression, Betsy Davis et al Interventions For Antisocial Behaviour, John B. Reid and J. Mark Eddy Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care - Applications of the OSLC Intervention Model to High-Risk Youth and Their Families, Patricia Chamberlain et al Preventative Efforts During the Elementary School Years - The "Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers" Project, John B. Reid and J. Mark Eddy. (Part contents).

Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention.

Context Psychopaths belong to a larger group of persons with antisocial personality disorder and are characterized by an inability to have emotional involvement and by the repeated violation of the rights of others. It was hypothesized that this behavior might be the consequence of deficient fear conditioning. Objective To study the cerebral, peripheral, and subjective correlates of fear conditioning in criminal psychopaths and healthy control subjects. Design An aversive differential pavlovian delay conditioning paradigm with slides of neutral faces serving as conditioned and painful pressure as unconditioned stimuli. Setting The Department of Medical Psychology at the University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. Participants Ten male psychopaths as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised and 10 age- and education-matched healthy male controls. The psychopaths were criminal offenders on bail and waiting for their trial or were on parole. The healthy controls were recruited from the community. Main Outcome Measures Brain activation based on functional magnetic resonance imaging, electrodermal responses, emotional valence, arousal, and contingency ratings. Results The healthy controls showed enhanced differential activation in the limbic-prefrontal circuit (amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate) during the acquisition of fear and successful verbal and autonomic conditioning. The psychopaths displayed no significant activity in this circuit and failed to show conditioned skin conductance and emotional valence ratings, although contingency and arousal ratings were normal. Conclusion This dissociation of emotional and cognitive processing may be the neural basis of the lack of anticipation of aversive events in criminal psychopaths.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/208744/yoa40213.pdf

Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Describes historical use of surveys to assess parents' global child-rearing attitudes and reviews the structure and content of the 83 parent attitude questionnaires published from 1899 through 1986 designed to quantify variations in parental attitudes and, presumably, parental behavior. Inspection of the surveys' psychometric properties reveals marginally acceptable levels of reliability and questionable validity. One suspected source of problems with the instruments, the use of vague and ambiguous items, was confirmed in a study of mothers' reactions to one survey. In addition to instrument errors, conceptual problems associated with assumptions about the structure of parental attitudes and how attitudes relate to parental behavior are discussed. Alternative methods for assessing parental social cognitions and individual differences in parents are advocated. One of the oldest and most important questions in psychology concerns the role the environment plays in the development of an individual. At least in the opening scenes of ontogeny, parents are generally recognized to be the protagonists and the family to be the "primary arena" for socialization (Maccoby, 1984). Parents have frequently been implicated as principal causal agents in their children's behavioral, emotional, personality, and cognitive development. This influence is achieved through a variety of active and passive, reactive and nonreactive processes (Baumrind, 1980; Radke-Yarrow & Zahn-Waxler, 1986; Scarr

Parental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications.

The role of the family in the development of psychopathology.

Research with the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Adults: 1955-60.

Research with the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale: 1950-1955.

Psychologists generally make the assumption that the experiences to which the individual is exposed over a period of time lead to the development of learned patterns of behavior. From this, psychologists have reasoned that the experiences the individual has in his early life at home, with his family, in general, and his mother, in particular, are major determinants in the learning of the constellation of behaviors subsumed under the rubric, personality, and in particular, the development of psychopatholo gy. A review of the research of the past 40 yr. failed to support this assumption. No factors were found in the parent-child interaction of schizophrenic s, neurotics, or those with behavior disorders which could be identified as unique to them or which could distinguish one group from the other, or any of the groups from the families of the controls. As psychopatholo gy came to be viewed as the consequence of the emotional experiences to which the individual was exposed, interest was focused on the earliest of such experiences, those that occur in the family. The human infant is born incapable of sustaining its own life for a considerable length of time following birth, and is, in consequence, dependent upon the mother or a mother substitute for its very existence. There is no wonder, therefore, that the mother-child relationship is a dose one and is expected to be influential with regard to the psychological development of the child. Some explanations for the development of psychopathology have therefore focused on this particular relationship as the major etiological factor. Levy (1931, 1932, 1937, 1943) has described a pattern centering around \"maternal overprotection,\" involving a constellation of attitudes which he felt contributed to the development of neurotic disorders, and Despert (1938) focused on a kind of mother-child relationship which seemed to her to be closely associated with the development of schizophrenia, a pattern which has come to be termed the \"schizophrenogenic mother.\" The hypothesis that the emotional climate of the interpersonal relationships within the family—and between the child and its mother in particular—ha s a decisive part in the

"The role of the family in the development of psychopathology": Erratum.

(1961). On the History of the Objective Investigation of the Process of Psychotherapy. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 89-95.

George H. Frank

Papers

The role of the family in the development of psychopathology.

Research with the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Adults: 1955-60.

Research with the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale: 1950-1955.

"The role of the family in the development of psychopathology": Erratum.

On the History of the Objective Investigation of the Process of Psychotherapy