The two most important quality attributes for poultry meat are appearance and texture. Appearance is critical for both the consumers' initial selection of the product as well as for final product s...

Poultry meat quality

The worldwide spread of modern, high-density confined poultry production systems under the direction of integrators has intensified the importance of a select number of arthropod ectoparasites and habitat pests. This concentrated production of poultry provides artificial ecosystems that are sometimes ideal for the development of large populations of arthropod pests. At the same time the systems are amenable to integrated pest management involving a multipest and multimethod approach to reducing or eliminating arthropod pests. Since rodents are major pests, they should be included in an integrated pest management program to make the program most cost-effective and attractive to the integrators and producers (5). Quantitative data are scarce on economic effects, and the concept of economic thresholds is difficult to apply either to ectoparasites or to habitat pests. The risk of transporting ectoparasites among flocks is difficult to evaluate and necessitates treatment after early detection of the arthropods. Flies and litter beetles present a threat of disease transmission and the potential for lawsuits from neighbors or public health agencies that are factors not subject to easy cost estimates. The monetary losses of a flock devastated by disease or a farm forced to close are so great that the risks are unacceptable. Production losses from lowered feed conversion ratios and insulation damage are likely to be detected by the sophisticated record-keeping of the integrators. Minimal use of pesticides and other chemicals on poultry and in poultry housing is an objective of the integrators and, consequently, an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that reduces the need for pesticides is attractive. The key to further development of effective arthropod management programs for poultry is the implementation of pest and disease monitoring programs for the complete system. Improvements in arthropod sampling methods and more attention to monitoring the biosecurity systems to minimize ectoparasite dispersal are needed. The integrators have servicemen who regularly visit the production facilities and can be trained to perform monitoring functions and to instigate and supervise integrated pest management measures. With the increasing use of computers by the integrators, the prospects for utilizing the monitoring data in predictive computer simulation models for pest management decision-making justify more efforts to develop such tools (64, 102, 168). Future poultry pest management programs must be based on sound data, which presently is too limited, and must be flexible enough to adjust rapidly to evolving pest problems in rapidly changing production systems.

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Ecology and management of arthropod pests of poultry.

This year the world population is expected to reach 4 billion and for the year 2000 the projected figure is 7 billion (1). Reduction of the death rates through effective public health measures without a concurrent reduction of birthrates is considered one of the prime causes of the rapid increase in population numbers (2, 3). Because birthrates and family planning are intimately interwoven with the social systems and cultures of individual nations, population control does not immediately follow a fall in the death rate. History suggests that population control occurs because of numerous factors, including social and economic change (3, 4). Obviously, the rapid growth of the human population is resulting in an increased demand for food (1, 5, 6). Experience has shown that augmenting food supplies is not as easy as controlling disease (1, 7). Assuming the figures that suggest an estimated half-billion people are at present protein-calorie malnourished (8, 9) are correct, then great concern is justified about our ability to provide adequate food for the increasing numbers of people that are projected for the future. An integral part of the population-food equation is the use of fossil energy. Energy is consumed in most food and fiber production, in public health activities, and in most endeavors to improve the quality of human life. As we prepare for the future with its rapidly growing world population, concern has been expressed about the limited energy and land resources that are available to increase food production, especially food protein production. In this article we analyze the energy and land demands for both animal and vegetable protein production in the United States, and then examine world food supply as it relates directly to world population density, dietary standards, and food production technology.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/190/4216/754.full.pdf

Energy and Land Constraints in Food Protein Production

Modern commercial poultry production under large companies is expanding worldwide with similar methods and housing, and the accompanying arthropod and rodent pest problems. The pests increase the cost of production and are factors in the spread of avian diseases. The biology, behavior and control of ectoparasites and premise pests are described in relation to the different housing and production practices for broiler breeders, turkey breeders, growout (broilers and turkeys), caged-layers, and pullets. Ectoparasites include Ornithonyssus fowl mites, Dermanyssus chicken mites, lice, bedbugs, fleas, and argasid fowl ticks. Premise pests include Alphitobius darkling beetles, Dermestes hide beetles, the house fly and several related filth fly species, calliphorid blow flies, moths, cockroaches, and rodents. Populations of these pests are largely determined by the housing, waste, and flock management practices. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach, tailored to the different production systems, is required for satisfactory poultry pest control. Biosecurity, preventing the introduction of pests and diseases into a facility, is critical. Poultry IPM, based on pest identification, pest population monitoring, and methods of cultural, biological, and chemical control, is elucidated. The structure of the sophisticated, highly integrated poultry industry provides a situation conducive to refinement and wider implementation of IPM.

Poultry Integrated Pest Management: Status and Future

Utilizing different ratios of alfalfa and layer ration for molt induction and performance in commercial laying hens

Now in its third edition, this classic volume characterizes the science and technology of the poultry industry today, defines the breadth and scope of the overall problems in the industry, and points out areas where more research is needed. With special attention to recent changes in the industry, the nearly two dozen updated chapters of Poultry Products Technology provide a comprehensive overview of the field, examining topics which deal with the processing, handling, marketing, and preparation of poultry meat, products, and by-products.Poultry Products Technology provides up-to-date information and references for food scientists, food technologists, dieticians, and others trained in the food service industry, who will at some point handle poultry products. This book supplies knowledge about how poultry and eggs are processed and prepared and how they can be used for optimum portions and services. The breadth of topics covered, as listed below, make it an ideal text for those just entering the field, for individuals who wish to learn about the work in a particular area before starting extensive research, and for those in the industry who require specific information for making decisions and projecting plans for the future:quality identification--grades and standardsquality maintenance--handling and processing poultry and eggs to prevent grade losseschemical and nutritive characteristics of poultry meat and eggsmicrobiology of eggs and poultry meatmethods of preservation--freezing, drying, refrigeration, radiation, canning, smokingcooking poultry meat and eggshandling and uses of inedible by-productsmethods of analysis of eggs and egg productsDuring the last twenty years, the consumption of poultry meat has and continues to increase while the consumption of eggs has steadily decreased, yet both are still considered good econ

Poultry products technology

1 The Poultry Industry.- Biological Classification.- Domestication.- American Poultry Association Classification.- Commercial Classification.- Poultry as Food-Producing Animals.- Poultry as Laboratory Animals.- World Poultry Production.- The United States Poultry Industry.- Consumption of Poultry Products.- Careers in the Poultry Industry.- References.- 2 Anatomy and Structure of the Fowl.- Feathers.- Skin.- Muscles.- Skeleton.- Circulatory System.- Body Temperature.- Respiration.- Digestion.- Mouth and Esophagus.- Crop and Proventriculus.- Gizzard.- Pancreas.- Liver.- Small Intestine.- Ceca.- Large Intestine, Rectum, and Cloaca.- Excretory System.- Nervous System.- Avian Senses.- Endocrine Organs.- References.- 3 Physiology and Reproduction in Poultry.- Endocrine System.- Physiology of Reproduction.- Reproduction.- References.- 4 Genetics and Poultry Breeding.- The Cell Theory.- Cell Division.- Gene Function.- Genetic Code.- Mutations.- Phenotypic Expression (Nonadditive).- Phenotypic Expression of Genes (Additive).- Heritability Estimates.- Selection.- Current Breeding Systems.- Strain Crosses.- Crossbreeding.- Selecting Superior Genetic Stock.- Progeny Testing.- Sources of Genetic Stock.- Breeds and Varieties of Chickens.- The Utilitarian Concept.- Future Poultry Genetics and Breeding.- Lethal Genes.- Parthenogenesis.- References.- 5 Incubation and Hatchery Management.- Poultry Reproduction.- Storage and Selection of Hatching Eggs.- Embryonic Development.- Extraembryonic Membranes.- Daily Embryonic Growth.- Embryonic Nutrition.- Embryonic Communication.- Embryology in Research and Teaching.- Artificial Incubation.- Modern Incubators.- Temperature.- Relative Humidity.- Air Supply.- Hatching Egg Positions.- Embryonic Mortality.- The National Poultry Improvement Plan.- Hatchery Sanitation.- Franchise Hatchery System.- Hatchery Services.- References.- 6 Social Behavior and Animal Welfare.- Social Organization.- Behavior of Feral Chickens.- Communication.- Behavior of Domestic Poultry.- Social Behavior in Growing Chicks.- Other Adult Social Behavior Characteristics.- Animal Rights.- The Humane Movement.- Animal Welfarists.- Animal Rightists.- Animal Liberationists.- Agricultural Involvement with Humane Groups.- Public Relations.- Need for a Code of Ethics.- References.- 7 Environment and Housing.- Farmstead Planning.- External Services and Utilities.- Water Supply.- Poultry Building Orientation.- Aesthetic Value.- House Construction.- Turnkey Houses.- Criteria for Selecting a Manufactured House.- Vapor Barriers.- Ventilation.- References.- 8 Poultry Nutrition.- Nutrients.- References.- 9 Diseases and Parasites of Poultry.- Disease Prevention.- Diagnostic Organs in Postmortem Examinations.- Immunology of Disease Control.- Poultry Disease Control Strategy.- Vaccination.- Nutritional Deficiency Diseases.- Protozoan Diseases.- Bacterial Diseases.- Fowl Cholera.- Nonrespiratory Bacterial Diseases.- Mycoplasma.- Viral Diseases.- Fungal and Mold Diseases.- Mycotoxicosis.- External Parasites.- Internal Parasites.- Behavioral Diseases.- Reproductive Diseases.- References.- 10 Poultry and Egg Marketing.- Assembling.- Transporting.- Assumption of Risk.- Market News.- Futures Trading.- Processing Poultry.- Further Processing.- Eggs.- Storage.- Inspection and Grading.- Packaging.- Merchandising.- New Product Development.- References.- 11 Broiler Production.- United States Broiler Industry.- World Broiler Industry.- Broiler Breeders.- Housing and Egg Production.- Care of Hatching Eggs.- The Hatchery.- Housing for Broilers.- Litter.- Brooding.- Brooding Methods.- Density.- Placement.- Management Suggestions for Partial House Brooding.- Watering Equipment.- Feeding Equipment.- Lighting Programs.- Ventilation.- Gas Concentrations.- Ventilation for Partial House Brooding.- Fan Timers.- Fan Thermostats.- Air Intakes.- Broiler Diets.- Catching and Hauling Broilers.- Grower Responsibilities.- Catching Crews.- Types of Broilers.- Roasters.- Grower Contracts.- References.- 12 Commercial Egg Production.- Starting Pullets in Cages.- Brooding.- Growing Pullets in Cages.- Managing Laying Hens in Cages.- Induced Molting.- References.- 13 Turkey Production.- Origin of the Turkey.- Color Varieties.- Turkey Genetics.- Turkey Breeder Flocks.- Turkey Breeders.- Turkey Breeder Toms.- Turkey Breeder Hens.- Artificial Insemination.- Hatching Eggs.- Hatchery Services.- Brooding.- Floor Brooding.- Floor Covering.- Brooders.- Brooder Guards.- Equipment Arrangement.- Trough Feeders.- Mechanical Feeders.- Waterers.- Rearing Turkeys.- References.- 14 Waterfowl Production.- Ducks.- Geese.- Processing Waterfowl.- Handling Waterfowl.- Pinioning.- Sexing Waterfowl.- References.- 15 Miscellaneous Poultry.- Coturnix Quail.- Bobwhite Quail.- Chukar Partridge.- Pheasants.- Guinea Fowl.- Peafowl.- Pigeons.- Swan.- References.- 16 Poultry Management Practices.- Production Management.- Specialized Procedures and Devices.- Sanitation and Waste Disposal Procedures.- Financial Management.- References.

Poultry Meat and Egg Production

The term poultry is used collectively to designate those species of birds that have been domesticated to reproduce and grow in captivity and that render products of economic value. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, some quail and pheasants, guineas, and pigeons generally meet the above criteria. They provide meat, eggs, feathers, fertilizer, animal food, and other by-products such as pharmaceuticals. They also serve as laboratory animals for scientific research. Birds kept only for companionship or beauty are not considered poultry.

The Poultry Industry

The art and science of poultry disease control is as complex, variable, and confounded with as many apparently unrelated events as is the practice of human medicine As more birds are grown in more concentrated areas and in tighter confinement, new disease problems appear and old ones sometimes reoccur Fortunately, for the average poultryman, good management, the ability to detect disease or parasite problems at an early stage, and the knowledge and judgment to know when and where to go for help when needed should make it possible for him or her to cope successfully with most disease and parasite problems In this chapter an attempt will be made to present the causes of disease and the basic concepts of disease prevention and control along with examples of the most serious and prevalent poultry diseases

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George J. Mountney

Papers

Poultry products technology

Poultry Meat and Egg Production

The Poultry Industry

Diseases and Parasites of Poultry

Tecnología de productos avícolas