Type I diabetes may be an autoimmune disorder, although the evidence is largely circumstantial. The natural history of the disease after diagnosis includes partial remission in most patients, but only about 3 percent achieve transient insulin independence. beta Cell function, as indicated by the plasma concentration of C-peptide, is lost over 6 to 30 months and islet cell antibodies disappeared over 1 to 2 years. This article describes a pilot study in which 41 patients were treated with the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine for 2 to 12 months. Of 30 patients treated within 6 weeks of diagnosis, 16 became insulin independent with concentrations of plasma C-peptide in the normal range and decreasing titers of islet cell antibodies. Of 11 patients who entered the study 8 to 44 weeks after diagnosis, two achieved this state. These results indicate that a controlled trial of the effects of cyclosporine in type I diabetes should be conducted.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/223/4643/1362.full.pdf

Effects of cyclosporine immunosuppression in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of recent onset

"Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck, Third Edition " is a complete stand-alone reference dealing with head and neck pathology. Providing an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of head and neck diseases, and covering all aspects of general pathology - this is the reference of choice for head and neck pathologists, head and neck surgeons and pathologists promoting clear communication between pathologists and surgeons. With over 1200 photographs, micrographs, drawings, and tables - over 200 more illustrations than the second edition - head and neck pathologists, head and neck surgeons, otolaryngologists and pathologists will find this updated bestseller a valid reference for any practice. Unparalleled in scope and content than any other book available on the subject, "Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck, Third Edition" is a must-have resource for oral, surgical, and general pathologists; otolaryngologists; oral, maxillofacial, plastic, reconstructive, general, head, neck, and orthopedic surgeons; and neurosurgeons, oncologists, hematologists, ophthalmologists, radiologists, endocrinologists, dermatologists, dentists, and residents and fellows in these disciplines.

Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck

FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles in tightly regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation during development and adult life. Deregulation of FGFR signalling, on the other hand, has been associated with many developmental syndromes, and with human cancer. In cancer, FGFRs have been found to become overactivated by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and mutations. FGFR alterations are detected in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, bladder, prostate, endometrial and lung cancers, as well as haematological malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that FGFs and FGFRs may act in an oncogenic fashion to promote multiple steps of cancer progression by inducing mitogenic and survival signals, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are therefore currently being explored. In the present review we will give an overview of FGF signalling, the main FGFR alterations found in human cancer to date, how they may contribute to specific cancer types and strategies for therapeutic intervention.

/pdf/fibroblast-growth-factors-and-their-receptors-in-cancer-20ja8w3zwj.pdf

Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in cancer.

Paradigm lost, paradigm found: the re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose response model in the toxicological sciences.

Pyogenic granuloma is one of the inflammatory hyperplasias seen in the oral cavity. This term is a misnomer because the lesion is unrelated to infection and in reality arises in response to various stimuli such as low-grade local irritation, traumatic injury or hormonal factors. It predominantly occurs in the second decade of life in young females, possibly because of the vascular effects of female hormones. Clinically, oral pyogenic granuloma is a smooth or lobulated exophytic lesion manifesting as small, red erythematous papules on a pedunculated or sometimes sessile base, which is usually hemorrhagic. The surface ranges from pink to red to purple, depending on the age of the lesion. Although excisional surgery is the treatment of choice for it, some other treatment protocols such as the use of Nd:YAG laser, flash lamp pulsed dye laser, cryosurgery, intralesional injection of ethanol or corticosteroid and sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy have been proposed. Because of the high frequency of pyogenic granuloma in the oral cavity, especially during pregnancy, and necessity for proper diagnosis and treatment, a complete review of published information and investigations about this lesion, in addition to knowledge about new approaches for its treatment is presented. (J. Oral Sci. 48, 167-175, 2006)

/pdf/oral-pyogenic-granuloma-a-review-34fr2rijc0.pdf

Oral pyogenic granuloma: a review.

Relative incidence of odontogenic tumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population.

This full colour, simple, interesting and easy to understand textbook introduces the novice dental student to the many oral disease processes. For the practising specialist and general dentist it provides a review of processes fundamental to clinical problems and an understanding of recent developments and changing concepts. The chapters are organised to coincide with the more recent trends in dental education where students are seeing patients earlier and therefore requiring immediate knowledge of some of the more common and less complicated aspects of oral pathology. To accommodate this trend the subjects that are less difficult conceptually and require fewer prerequisites science courses are in the earlier chapters with more complex topics to be found in later chapters. Each chapter includes an outline of the topics, an introduction to the disease processes, followed by a thorough discussion of the common disorders, organised by aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical and radiographic features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Each chapter concludes with a short bibliography of the most recent and pertinent review articles and classic publications.

Contemporary oral and maxillofacial pathology

Fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva: A side effect of cyclosporin A therapy

Patología oral y maxilofacial contemporánea

The dentigerous (follicular) cyst is recognized as one of the most common lesions of the jaws. Clinical, radiographic, histologic, and prognostic characteristics are well established for medium to large pericoronal cysts that are lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. However, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between a small dentigerous cyst and a large dental follicle despite the availability of both radiographic and histologic information. Epidemiologic data derived from a comparative study of 1662 dentigerous cysts and 824 dental follicles showed considerable overlap in age distribution and site predilection and were therefore of minimal use in reaching a final diagnosis. At present, it appears that identifying a cystic cavity at the time of surgery may be the only reliable way to arrive at a definitive diagnosis when radiographic and histologic features are insufficient to distinguish between a small dentigerous cyst and a large dental follicle.

George P. Wysocki

Papers

Relative incidence of odontogenic tumors and oral and jaw cysts in a Canadian population.

Contemporary oral and maxillofacial pathology

Fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva: A side effect of cyclosporin A therapy

Patología oral y maxilofacial contemporánea

The small dentigerous cyst. A diagnostic dilemma.