A general review of studies on internal migration within the United States since 1970 is presented. The author first describes the changes that have occurred during the recent past in U.S. internal migration patterns. The state of knowledge concerning these changes is also assessed. A more abstract discussion of the determinants of migration covering both the theoretical and empirical literature is then presented. Next the empirical findings associated with several new time-series migration data sets are reviewed and the application of econometric methodologies to temporal models of migration is considered. The review concludes with a summary of recent research results and some pointers for future research.

Human migration: theory, models, and empirical studies.

Gentrification has changed in ways that are related to larger economic and political restructuring. Among these changes is the return of heavy state intervention in the process. This paper explores heightened state involvement in gentrification by examining the process in three New York City neighbourhoods: Clinton, Long Island City, and DUMBO (Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass). We argue that state intervention has returned for three key reasons. First, continued devolution of federal states has placed even more pressure on local states to actively pursue redevelopment and gentrification as ways of generating tax revenue. Second, the diffusion of gentrification into more remote portions of the urban landscape poses profit risks that are beyond the capacity of individual capitalists to manage. Third, the larger shift towards post–Keynesian governance has unhinged the state from the project of social reproduction and as such, measures to protect the working class are more easily contested.

The changing state of gentrification

This paper critically reviews the major theories of gentrification which have emerged over the last 10 years and the debate which has surrounded them. It argues that the reason why the gentrification debate has attracted so much interest, and has been so hard fought, is that it is one of key theoretical battlegrounds of contemporary human geography which highlights the arguments between structure and agency, production and consumption, capital and culture, and supply and demand. It also argues that each of the two major explanations which have been advanced to account for gentrification (the rent gap and the production of gentrifiers) are partial explanations, each of which is necessary but not sufficient. Finally, it argues that an integrated explanation for gentrification must involve both explanation of the production of devalued areas and housing and the production of gentrifiers and their specific consumption and reproduction patterns.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/622612.pdf

The Blind Men and the Elephant: The Explanation of Gentrification

Study Guide Preface and Acknowledgments Part I: Introduction The Past, Present, and Future of Social Inequality (David B. Grusky) Part II: Forms and Sources of Stratification The Functions of Stratification Some Principles of Stratification (Kingsley Davis & Wilbert E. Moore) The Dysfunctions of Stratification Some Principles of Stratification: A Critical Analysis (Melvin M. Tumin) Inequality by Design (Claude S. Fischer, Michael Hout, Martn Snchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, Ann Swidler, and Kim Voss) Concluding Commentary to Part Two New Light on Old Issues: The Relevance of "Really Existing Socialist Societies" for Stratification Theory (Gerhard Lenski) Part III: The Structure of Modern Stratification Theories of Class Marx and Post-Marxists Alienation and Social Classes (Karl Marx) Classes in Capitalism and Pre-Capitalism (Karl Marx) Ideology and Class (Karl Marx) Value and Surplus Value (Karl Marx) Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Ralf Dahrendorf) Varieties of Marxist Conceptions of Class Structure (Erik Olin Wright) A General Framework for the Analysis of Class Structure (Erik Olin Wright) Class Conflict in the Capitalist World Economy (Immanuel Wallerstein) Weber and Post-Weberians Class, Status, Party (Max Weber) Status Groups and Classes (Max Weber) Open and Closed Relationships (Max Weber) The Rationalization of Education and Training (Max Weber) The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (Anthony Giddens) Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique (Frank Parkin) Durkheim and Post-Durkheimians The Division of Labor in Society (Emile Durkheim) Are There Big Social Classes? (David B. Grusky and Jesper B. Srensen ) The Ruling Class and Elites Cassic Statements The Ruling Class (Gaetano Mosca) The Power Elite (C. Wright Mills) Elites and Power (Anthony Giddens) Contemporary Elites in "Mass Society," Capitalism, and Post-Capitalism The Political Class in the Age of Mass Society: Collectivistic Liberalism and Social Democracy (Edward A. Shils) The Inner Circle (Michael Useem) Post-Communist Managerialism

Social stratification :class, race, and gender in sociologicalperspective

Making sense of counterurbanization

Three major socioeconomic phenomena will increasingly structure and constrain the basic environment of planning activity for the next decade—the accelerating regional shift, the emerging metropolitan-nonmetropolitan dynamic, and expanding intrametropolitan differentials. These events are documented, causal processes are suggested, and their basic implications explored. A new reference framework for evaluating a host of economic and social issues has synthesized, super-ceding the conventions of the past decade.

New Regional and Metropolitan Realities of America

Family-building needs of the "nesting" generation and its offspring the baby boomers born 1947-1964 dominated post-World War 2 housing demand and production to 1970. Centered on tract-house suburbia annual housing starts averaged 1.5 million a year in the 1950s and 1960s. With growing real median family incomes the average size of new dwellings increased and 63% of households owned their homes by 1970 compared to 44% in 1940. The baby boomers arrival at the ages of household formation sparked the "Golden Housing Age" of the 1970s. Net household increase averaged a record 1.7 million a year and 19 million year-round dwellings were added to the national inventory compared to 11 million in the 1950s and 1960s despite a plunge in housing starts during the 1974-75 recession. Real median family income declined after 1973 and inflation escalated housing costs but at the same time fueled demand for housing as an investment hedge against inflation. The singles and "mingles" life styles of youthful baby boomers boosted rental housing condominiums and compact townhouses. Married-couple households dropped from 74% of the total in 1960 to 58% in 1975. Household formation and housing starts dropped drastically with the 1980-82 recession but bounced back as the economy recovered in 1983-85 and restrained inflation braked housing cost rises. Projections show overall household increases reduced to barely a million a year in 1990-95 with renter household gains at just 175000 compared to 1/2 a million a year in the 1970s as the household-formation ages of 18-34 are taken over by the baby bust generation. This will be offset by the baby boomers maturing into middle age. By 1995 most of the giant generation will be in the peak-earning high-homeownership ages of 35-54. Married-couple households in this age bracket will account for 56% of the household gain from 1983 to 1995 boosting national affluence and the demand for upscale housing likely to be located in the suburbs. (authors modified)

Demographics and housing in America.

The Uncertain Future of the Central City

The unaided private market provision of new low‐income housing is substantially a fantasy. There is little on the horizon to alter this situation in the next decade. The income/cost gap is so substantial as to overcome the decline in household formation and positive changes in job patterns that have been advanced as bridge mechanisms. To set the debate in context, an overview of the demographic and economic future of the United States is provided and mainstream forecasts of economic and demographic trends affecting housing supply and demand are reviewed. Particular attention is given to demographic maturation and shrinkage, household diversification and segmentation, and income and poverty dynamics.

George Sternlieb

Papers

New Regional and Metropolitan Realities of America

Demographics and housing in America.

The Uncertain Future of the Central City

Private market provision of low‐income housing: Historical perspective and future prospects

Post-industrial America: Metropolitan decline & inter-regional job shifts