Premises of creation of Internet portal designed to provide access to participants of educational and scientific process for the joint creation, consolidation, concentration and rapid spreading of educational and scientific information resources in its own depository are considered. CMS-based portal content management systems’ potentiality is investigated. Architecture for Internet portal of MES of Ukraine’s information resources is offered.

Створення порталу інформаційно-довідкових ресурсів міністерства освіти і науки україни

Since their market introduction in 1991, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have developed evolutionary in terms of their specific energies (Wh/kg) and energy densities (Wh/L). Currently, they do not only dominate the small format battery market for portable electronic devices, but have also been successfully implemented as the technology of choice for electromobility as well as for stationary energy storage. Besides LIBs, a variety of different technologically promising battery concepts exists that, depending on the respective technology, might also be suitable for various application purposes. These systems of the “next generation,” the so-called post-lithium ion batteries (PLIBs), such as metal/sulfur, metal/air or metal/oxygen, or “post-lithium technologies” (systems without Li), which are based on alternative single (Na+, K+) or multivalent ions (Mg2+, Ca2+), are currently being studied intensively. From today’s point of view, it seems quite clear that there will not only be a single technology for all applications (technology monopoly), but different battery systems, which can be especially suitable or combined for a particular application (technology diversity). In this review, we place the lithium ion technology in a historical context and give insights into the battery technology diversity that evolved during the past decades and which will, in turn, influence future research and development.

Lithium ion, lithium metal, and alternative rechargeable battery technologies: the odyssey for high energy density

Failure caused by dendrite growth in high-energy-density, rechargeable batteries with lithium metal anodes has prevented their widespread use in applications ranging from consumer electronics to electric vehicles. Efforts to solve the lithium dendrite problem have focused on preventing the growth of protrusions from the anode surface. Synchrotron hard X-ray microtomography experiments on symmetric lithium-polymer-lithium cells cycled at 90 °C show that during the early stage of dendrite development, the bulk of the dendritic structure lies within the electrode, underneath the polymer/electrode interface. Furthermore, we observed crystalline impurities, present in the uncycled lithium anodes, at the base of the subsurface dendritic structures. The portion of the dendrite protruding into the electrolyte increases on cycling until it spans the electrolyte thickness, causing a short circuit. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it seems that preventing dendrite formation in polymer electrolytes depends on inhibiting the formation of subsurface structures in the lithium electrode.

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Detection of subsurface structures underneath dendrites formed on cycled lithium metal electrodes.

Advances in the use of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have opened up a wide range of applications in the field of nanotechnology. The knowledge of the properties of PMMA has contributed a lot to the recent boosts in the synthesis, modification, and applications of the polymer. However, there is a need to condense these developments in the form of an article for better understanding and easy access. This review highlights the fundamental physical properties of PMMA, coupled with experimental evidence of its essential chemistry, such as solubility, hydrolysis, grafting, combustion reactions, reactions with amines, and thermal decomposition. The recent developments in the applications of PMMA in biomedical, optical, solar, sensors, battery electrolytes, nanotechnology, viscosity, pneumatic actuation, molecular separations, and polymer conductivity were also revealed.

A Review of the Properties and Applications of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)

Beyond PEO-Alternative host materials for Li+-conducting solid polymer electrolytes

La conductivite ionique de sels de lithium dissous dans du polyoxyde d'ethylene, diminue par stockage, a temperature ambiante. Ceci est du a une cristallisation qui peut etre inhibee par addition de caoutchouc nitrile et d'un macromere de polyoxyde d'ethylene

Polymer electrolytes: the route towards solid polymer electrolytes with stable electrochemical performances upon long term storage

A method of producing a solid electrolyte for an electrochemical cell, the cell comprising at least one first complexing polymer presenting in its monomer pattern at least one heteroatom and at least one ionizable alkaline salt complexed in the said polymer, wherein said complexing polymer is mixed with at least one second polymer miscible with the said complexing polymer and having cross-linkable functions; said cross-linkable functions then being physically cross-linked, with the complexing polymer being brought to an essentially amorphous state during said cross-linking operation The electrolyte obtained can be used in electrochemical cells operating at ambient temperature

Method of producing a polymer based solid electrolyte for an electrochemical cell

L'electrolyte comprend d'une part au moins un premier polymere, dit polymere complexant, presentant dans son motif monomere au moins un heteroatome, et d'autre part au moins un sel alcalin ionisable complexe dans ledit polymere. The electrolyte comprises firstly at least a first polymer, said complexing polymer, presenting in its monomer pattern at least one heteroatom, and on the other hand at least one ionizable alkaline salt complexed in said polymer. Le procede est caracterise en ce qu'on realise un melange dudit polymere complexant avec au moins un second polymere intermiscible avec ledit polymere complexant et presentant des fonctions reticulables, puis on procede a la reticulation par voie physique desdites fonctions reticulables, le polymere complexant etant porte dans un etat essentiellement amorphe durant cette operation de reticulation. The method is characterized in that makes the mixture of said complexing polymer with at least one second polymer intermiscible with said complexing polymer and having crosslinkable functions, then one proceeds to the crosslinking physically said crosslinkable functions, the complexing polymer being carried in an essentially amorphous state during this reticulation operation. L'electrolyte obtenu peut etre utilise dans des generateurs electrochimiques fonctionnant a temperature ambiante. The obtained electrolyte can be used in electrochemical cells operating at room temperature.

Process for manufacturing a polymeric solid electrolyte for an electrochemical generator

The performances of solid-state ambient-temperature batteries over long time periods are found to depend strongly on the crystallization processes of the electrolytes. Some advanced materials displaying stable electrochemical properties were prepared and studied by ac measurements in an attempt to obtain a more precise knowledge of the influence of the crystallization process of nonhomogeneous media upon the ionic conductivity . The impedance spectra have been fully described and the physical origin of each parameter is emphasized. The results are discussed in terms of an irreversible transfer of the ionic carriers across bulk interfaces which may be defined as the storage location of the space charges, or more precisely as the geometrical support of any energetic singularity with respect to any intensive thermodynamic parameter . The bulk dynamic behavior of the ionic carriers in such a heterogeneous medium is described by using the fractal geometry concept. The dispersive index {alpha} is shown to be related to the fractal dimension of the media and is suggested to be connected to its crystallization state. Furthermore, some correlations between the different relaxation processes were described.

Experimental Analysis of the Scaling Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolytes upon Five Years of Storage: From Fractal Crystallization to Carrier Relaxation

1. An electrochemical battery of the primary type or of the secondary type, comprising a plurality of cells each constituted by a negative electrode whose active material is selected from lithium, magnesium, and alloys thereof, an electrolyte based on a solid polymer selected from polyoxyethylene, polypropylene, and derivatives thereof, and forming a complex with an alkali salt, and a positive electrode whose active material is selected from oxides such as MnO2 , CrO2 , sulfides such as FeS2 , TiS2 , MoS3 , sulfur, and polysulfides and derivatives thereof, and provided with heating means for heating the electrolyte, the battery being characterized by the fact that said heating means, comprising a pyrotechnical composition associated with a fuse, is suitable for raising said electrolyte to a temperature lying between 150 degrees C and 170 degrees C when said negative electrode is made of lithium, and lying between 150 degrees C and 250 degrees C when said negative electrode is made of magnesium, said heating means being associated with a thermal buffer selected from an aliphatic oil, a silicone oil, a fusible salt, and a polymer which melts at the desired battery operating temperature.

Georges Marcellin

Papers

Polymer electrolytes: the route towards solid polymer electrolytes with stable electrochemical performances upon long term storage

Method of producing a polymer based solid electrolyte for an electrochemical cell

Process for manufacturing a polymeric solid electrolyte for an electrochemical generator

Experimental Analysis of the Scaling Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolytes upon Five Years of Storage: From Fractal Crystallization to Carrier Relaxation

Primary or secondary electrochemical generator