THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Leu-M

Highway Capacity Manual改訂の動向--テイラ-教授の講演より

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks with transfer learning for computer vision-based data-driven pavement distress detection

Different techniques for measuring pavement surface macrotexture and their application in pavement management are discussed. The main applications of surface macrotexture are to measure the frictional properties of the pavement surface and to detect hot-mix asphalt (HMA) construction segregation or nonuniformity. Since surface macrotexture can be measured quite efficiently using noncontact technologies and provides important information regarding pavement safety and HMA construction quality, this parameter may be included in the quality assurance or control procedures. Correlations between different measuring devices were investigated utilizing different HMA wearing surfaces. Excellent correlation was found between the circular track meter and sand patch measurements. In addition, the macrotexture determined using a laser profiler correlates well with that determined with sand patch measurements. Consistent with previous studies, it was found that the skid number gradient with speed is inversely proportional to the pavement macrotexture. However, there was a noticeable difference in speed dependency when smooth and ribbed tires were used. Oscillations in the percent normalized gradient with time due to seasonal variations were also observed. Macrotexture measurements hold great promise as tools to detect and quantify segregation for quality assurance purposes. A standard construction specification was proposed in a recent NCHRP study. However, the equation proposed for computing the nonsegregated estimated (mean) texture depth could not be applied to the mixes studied. An alternative equation has been proposed, which estimates the surface macrotexture using the mix nominal maximum size and voids in the mineral aggregate. The study was based on the mixes used at the Virginia Smart Road. Further investigation using other mixes is recommended.

Pavement Surface Macrotexture Measurement and Applications

Stakeholders in the pavement sector have been seeking new engineering solutions to move towards more sustainable pavement management practices. The general approaches for improving pavement sustainability include, among others, reducing virgin binder and virgin aggregate content in HMA and WMA mixtures, reducing energy consumed and emissions generated in mixtures production, applying in-place recycling techniques, and implementing preventive treatments. In this study, a comprehensive and integrated pavement life cycle costing- life cycle assessment model was developed to investigate, from a full life cycle perspective, the extent to which several pavement engineering solutions, namely hot in-plant recycling mixtures, WMA, cold central plant recycling and preventive treatments, are efficient in improving the environmental and economic dimensions of pavement infrastructure sustainability, when applied either separately or in combination, in the construction and management of a road pavement section located in Virginia, USA. Furthermore, in order to determine the preference order of alternative scenarios, a multicriteria decision analysis method was applied. The results showed that the implementation of a recycling-based maintenance and rehabilitation strategy where the asphalt mixtures are of type hot-mix asphalt containing 30% RAP, best suits the multidimensional and conflicting interests of decision-makers. This outcome was found to be robust even when different design and performance scenarios of the mixtures and type of treatments are considered.

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Environmental and economic assessment of pavement construction and management practices for enhancing pavement sustainability

This project evaluated the feasibility of using friction indicators as tools for improving winter maintenance operations and mobility. It was found that the use of friction measurements for this purpose is feasible (especially when deceleration devices are used), but devices with an extra wheel may not represent a practical solution to friction measurement. The use of such devices works well for runways, where one vehicle is sufficient for an airport, but would not work well for highways where many vehicles equipped with an extra wheel would be needed for successful operational use in winter highway maintenance. Therefore, direct friction measurements may not be a viable operational tool in winter maintenance (although they will and should be used as research tools). Since traction control systems appear to be the only way to eliminate the extra wheel used in current devices, and since their use to predict road surface condition has a great potential for enhancing winter maintenance operations, they should be further investigated. However, if such technology is considered, it has to be automated to ensure that traction applied is beyond the point of slip, thereby eliminating the effect of the traction applied by the driver. Another feasible approach, used by Japan, is to develop models based on climate, traffic, and pavement related data to predict road surface condition. Such indirect measurements have a strong potential for being an operational tool. Two proposed scenarios appear to be promising and practical for improving winter maintenance operations, safety, and mobility. One scenario suggests the use of friction measurements or indices to provide information to support winter maintenance decision-making qualitatively and in a simple way. It is recommended for operational trial by state departments of transportation at one or more sites. The other scenario relies on the transmittal of friction measurements or indices and locations in near-real-time from the winter maintenance patrol or snowplow/spreader vehicles to a central office where the information is processed and transmitted to users. This scenario requires technology development and integration prior to use. A two-phase follow-up study is recommended to validate both scenarios.

Feasibility of using friction indicators to improve winter maintenance operations and mobility

Transportation agencies are developing procedures and guidelines for managing the quality of pavement data collected to ensure the data meet the needs of the pavement management process. This study reviews the quality management practices being employed by public highway agencies for automated, semi-automated, and manual pavement data collection and delivery. Information was gathered through literature review, surveys of U.S. state and Canadian province public agencies and private contractors, and selected interviews.

Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection

Infrastructure management decisions, such as condition assessment, performance prediction, needs analysis, prioritization, and optimization are often based on data that is uncertain, ambiguous, and incomplete and incorporate engineering judgment and expert opinion. Soft computing techniques are particularly appropriate to support these types of decisions because these techniques are very efficient at handling imprecise, uncertain, ambiguous, incomplete, and subjective data. This paper presents a review of the application of soft computing techniques in infrastructure management. The three most used soft computing constituents, artificial neural networks, fuzzy systems, and genetic algorithms, are reviewed, and the most promising techniques for the different infrastructure management functions are identified. Based on the applications reviewed, it can be concluded that soft computing techniques provide appealing alternatives for supporting many infrastructure management functions. Although the soft computing constituents have several advantages when used individually, the development of practical and efficient intelligent tools is expected to require a synergistic integration of complementary techniques into hybrid models.

Gerardo W. Flintsch

Papers

Pavement Surface Macrotexture Measurement and Applications

Environmental and economic assessment of pavement construction and management practices for enhancing pavement sustainability

Feasibility of using friction indicators to improve winter maintenance operations and mobility

Quality Management of Pavement Condition Data Collection

Soft Computing Applications in Infrastructure Management