Synthetic Principles for Bandgap Control in Linear pi-Conjugated Systems.

During the past decade, enormous progress has been made in growing ultrathin organic films and multilayer structures with a wide range of exciting optoelectronic properties. This progress has been made possible by several important advances in our understanding of organic films and their modes of growth. Perhaps the single most important advance has been the use of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) as a means to achieve, for the first time, monolayer control over the growth of organic thin films with extremely high chemical purity and structural precision.1-3 Such monolayer control has been possible for many years using well-known techniques such as Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition,4 and more recently, self-assembled monolayers from solution have also been achieved.5 However, ultrahighvacuum growth, sometimes referred to as organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) or organic molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE), has the advantage of providing both layer thickness control and an atomically clean environment and substrate. When combined with the ability to perform in situ highresolution structural diagnostics of the films as they are being deposited, techniques such as OMBD have provided an entirely new prospect for understanding many of the fundamental structural and optoelectronic properties of ultrathin organic film systems. Since such systems are both of intrinsic as well as practical interest, substantial effort worldwide has been invested in attempting to grow and investigate the properties of such thin-film systems. This paper is a review of recent progress made in organic thin films grown in ultrahigh vacuum or using other vapor-phase deposition methods. We will describe the most important work which has been published in this field since the emergence of OMBD in the mid-1980s. Both the nature of thin-film growth and structural ordering will be discussed, as well as some of the more interesting consequences to the physical properties of such organic thin-film systems will be considered both from a theoretical as well as an experimental viewpoint. Indeed, it will 1793 Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1793−1896

Ultrathin Organic Films Grown by Organic Molecular Beam Deposition and Related Techniques.

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

When asked to explain the importance of the discovery of conducting polymers, I offer two basic answers: first they did not (could not?) exist, and second, that they offer a unique combination of properties not available from any other known materials. The first expresses an intellectual challenge; the second expresses a promise for utility in a wide variety of applications.

Semiconducting and Metallic Polymers: The Fourth Generation of Polymeric Materials (Nobel Lecture).

Electrochemical energy storage systems (batteries) have a tremendous role in technical applications In this review the authors examine the prospects of electroactive polymers in view of the properties required for such batteries Conducting organic polymers are considered here in the light of their rugged chemical environment: organic solvents, acids, and alkalis The goal of the present article is to provide, first of all in tabular form, a survey of electroactive polymers in view of potential applications in rechargeable batteries It reviews the preparative methods and the electrochemical performance of polymers as rechargeable battery electrodes The theoretical values of specific charge of the polymers are comparable to those of metal oxide electrodes, but are not as high as those of most of the metal electrodes normally used in batteries Therefore, it is an advantage in conventional battery designs to use the conducting polymer as a positive electrode material in combination with a negative electrode such as Li, Na, Mg, Zn, MeH{sub x}, etc 504 refs

Electrochemically Active Polymers for Rechargeable Batteries.

Poly(alkylenedioxythiophene)s—new, very stable conducting polymers

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of polyalkylenedioxythiophenes

The invention relates to new polythiophenes containing structural units of the formula ##STR1## in which A denotes an optionally substituted C 1 -C 4 -alkylene radical, their preparation by oxidative polymerization of the corresponding thiophenes and the use of the polythiophenes for imparting antistatic properties on substrates which only conduct electrical current poorly or not at all, in particular on plastic mouldings, and as electrode material for rechargeable batteries

Polythiophenes, process for their preparation and their use

Technical applications for conductive polymers

The invention relates to the use fo polythiophenes which are built up from structural units of the formula ##STR1## in which R1 and R2, independently of one another, stand for hydrogen or a C1 -C4 -alkyl group, or, together, form an optionally substituted C1 -C4 -alkylene radical or a 1,2-cyclohexylene radical, solid electrolytes in electrolyte capacitors, and to the electrolyte capacitors containing these solid electrolytes.

Gerhard Heywang

Papers

Poly(alkylenedioxythiophene)s—new, very stable conducting polymers

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of polyalkylenedioxythiophenes

Polythiophenes, process for their preparation and their use

Technical applications for conductive polymers

Solid electrolytes, and electrolyte capacitors containing same