There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Recent advances in micromanufacturing technology have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional sensor nodes for wireless communication. Diverse sensing applications have also become a reality as a result. These include environmental monitoring, intrusion detection, battlefield surveillance, and so on. In a wireless sensor network (WSN), how to conserve the limited power resources of sensors to extend the network lifetime of the WSN as long as possible while performing the sensing and sensed data reporting tasks, is the most critical issue in the network design. In a WSN, sensor nodes deliver sensed data back to the sink via multihopping. The sensor nodes near the sink will generally consume more battery power than others; consequently, these nodes will quickly drain out their battery energy and shorten the network lifetime of the WSN. Sink relocation is an efficient network lifetime extension method, which avoids consuming too much battery energy for a specific group of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a moving strategy called energy-aware sink relocation (EASR) for mobile sinks in WSNs. The proposed mechanism uses information related to the residual battery energy of sensor nodes to adaptively adjust the transmission range of sensor nodes and the relocating scheme for the sink. Some theoretical and numerical analyze are given to show that the EASR method can extend the network lifetime of the WSN significantly.

A Network Lifetime Enhancement Method for Sink Relocation and Its Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to a battery constraint in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), prolonging their lifetime is important. Energy-efficient routing techniques for WSNs play a great role in doing so. In this paper, we articulate this problem and classify current routing protocols for WSNs into two categories according to their orientation toward either homogeneous or heterogeneous WSNs. They are further classified into static and mobile ones. We give an overview of these protocols in each category by summarizing their characteristics, limitations, and applications. Finally, some open issues in energy-efficient routing protocol design for WSNs are indicated.

Recent Advances in Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review

Introducing mobility to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) puts new challenges particularly in designing of routing protocols. Mobility can be applied to the sensor nodes and/or the sink node in the network. Many routing protocols have been developed to support the mobility of WSNs. These protocols are divided depending on the routing structure into hierarchical-based, flat-based, and location-based routing protocols. However, the hierarchical-based routing protocols outperform the other routing types in saving energy, scalability, and extending lifetime of Mobile WSNs (MWSNs). Selecting an appropriate hierarchical routing protocol for specific applications is an important and difficult task. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing some of the recently hierarchical-based routing protocols that are developed in the last five years for MWSNs. This survey divides the hierarchical-based routing protocols into two broad groups, namely, classical-based and optimized-based routing protocols. Also, we present a detailed classification of the reviewed protocols according to the routing approach, control manner, mobile element, mobility pattern, network architecture, clustering attributes, protocol operation, path establishment, communication paradigm, energy model, protocol objectives, and applications. Moreover, a comparison between the reviewed protocols is investigated in this survey depending on delay, network size, energy-efficiency, and scalability while mentioning the advantages and drawbacks of each protocol. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with future directions.

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A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

The Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) is an emerging technology with significant applications. The MWSN allows the sensor nodes to move freely and they are able to communicate with each other without the need for a fixed infrastructure. These networks are capable of out-performing static wireless sensor networks as they tend to increase the network lifetime, reduce the power consumption, provide more channel capacity and perform better targeting. Usually routing process in a mobile network is very complex and it becomes even more complicated in MWSN as the sensor nodes are low power, cost effective mobile devices with minimum resources. Recent research works have led to the design of many efficient routing protocols for MWSN but still there are many unresolved problems like retaining the network connectivity, reducing the energy cost, maintaining adequate sensing coverage etc. This paper addresses the various issues in routing and presents the state of the art routing protocols in MWSN. The routing protocols are categorized based on their network structure, state of information, energy efficiency and mobility. The classification presented here summarizes the main features of many published proposals in the literature for efficient routing in MWSN and also gives an insight into the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing routing protocols.

Routing in mobile wireless sensor network: a survey

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing is challenged by power and bandwidth constraints as well as frequent topology changes to which it must adapt to and converge quickly. Energy efficient routing protocols play an important role in MANET. This paper presents an innova- tive energy aware routing protocol for wireless ad hoc net- work called Energy Efficient Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (E 2 AOMDV) routing protocol. Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing pro- tocol presents the advantage of achieving faster and efficient recovery from node failures. We propose the inclusion of Energy Aware (EA) selection mechanism and the maximal nodal surplus energy estimation in the AOMDV routing protocol to improve its energy performance in mobile ad hoc networks. The 'readiness' concept of EA Selection me- chanism prolongs the network lifetime and the maximal nodal surplus energy estimation concept increases the ener- gy efficiency of E 2 AOMDV routing protocol. A comparison of E 2 AOMDV and AOMDV routing protocols can be done using the performance metrics like packet delivery ratio and network lifetime to show that the former outperforms the latter and confirms to be a better performing routing proto- col in saving battery energy in a dense mobile network with high traffic loads.

Energy Efficient Ad Hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol

Mobility in tandem with energy efficiency in wireless sensor network endows with significant challenges for routing. Sensor nodes have limited energy supply and minimizing the power consumption is crucial in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN). This paper proposes a novel hybrid multipath energy aware routing protocol for MWSN called Energy Efficient Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol (E2MWSNRP). The Energy Aware (EA) selection mechanism and the Maximal Nodal Surplus Energy estimation technique employed in this algorithm improve its energy performance. The ‘readiness’ concept of EA selection prolongs the network lifetime. The hybrid routing concept applied in this algorithm presents the advantages of both the reactive and proactive routing. An evaluation methodology and simulation environment to verify the operation of this algorithm is presented here. Simulation results can demonstrate that the proposed scheme can outperform the existing routing protocols in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio.

Energy Efficient Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes that can be rapidly deployed as a multi-hop network without the aid of any centralized administration. Misbehavior is challenged by bandwidth and energy efficient medium access control and fair share of throughput. Node misbehavior plays an important role in MANET. In this survey, few of the contention window misbehavior is reviewed and compared. The contention window cheating either minimizes the active communication of the network or reduces bandwidth utilization of a particular node. The classification presented is in no case unique but summarizes the chief characteristics of many published proposals for contention window cheating. After getting insight into the different contention window misbehavior, few of the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing contention window are suggested. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the research efforts in combining the existing solutions to offer more efficient methods to reduce contention window cheating mechanisms.

Performance Analysis of Contention Window Cheating Misbehaviors in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consumes huge amount of power and bandwidth and undergoes frequent topology changes to which it must adjust quickly. Energy efficient routing protocols have an important role in MANET. In this survey, few of the emerging energy efficient routing protocols for MANET are reviewed and their performance critically compared. The energy efficient protocols either minimize the active communication energy required to transmit or receive packets or minimize the inactive energy. The classification suggested here summarizes the chief distinctiveness of many published proposals for energy efficient routing. After getting insight into the different emerging energy efficient protocols, the enhancements that can be done to improvise the existing routing protocols are pointed out. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the research efforts in combining the existing solutions to offer a more energy efficient routing mechanism.

/pdf/evaluation-and-comparison-of-emerging-energy-efficient-1h3qikcddp.pdf

Getsy S. Sara

Papers

Routing in mobile wireless sensor network: a survey

Energy Efficient Ad Hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol

Energy Efficient Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocol

Performance Analysis of Contention Window Cheating Misbehaviors in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Evaluation and comparison of emerging energy efficient routing protocols in manet