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Although thermodynamic fluctuation theory originated from statistical mechanics, it may be put on a completely thermodynamic basis, in no essential need of any microscopic foundation. This review views the theory from the macroscopic perspective, emphasizing, in particular, notions of covariance and consistency, expressed naturally using the language of Riemannian geometry. Coupled with these concepts is an extension of the basic structure of thermodynamic fluctuation theory beyond the classical one of a subsystem in contact with an infinite uniform reservoir. Used here is a hierarchy of concentric subsystems, each of which samples only the thermodynamic state of the subsystem immediately larger than it. The result is a covariant thermodynamic fluctuation theory which is plausible beyond the standard second-order entropy expansion. It includes the conservation laws and is mathematically consistent when applied to fluctuations inside subsystems. Tests on known models show improvements. Perhaps most significantly, the covariant theory offers a qualitatively new tool for the study of fluctuation phenomena: the Riemannian thermodynamic curvature. The thermodynamic curvature gives, for any given thermodynamic state, a lower bound for the length scale where the classical thermodynamic fluctuation theory based on a uniform environment could conceivably hold. Straightforward computation near the critical point reveals that the curvature equals the correlation volume, a physically appealing finding. The combination of the interpretation of curvature with a well-known proportionality between the free energy and the inverse of the correlation volume yields a purely thermodynamic theory of the critical point. The scaled equation of state follows from the values of the critical exponents. The thermodynamic Riemannian metric may be put into the broader context of information theory.

Riemannian geometry in thermodynamic fluctuation theory

Investigation of a coupling model of coordination between urbanization and the environment.

Exploring the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment-A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

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Mathematical Foundations Of Elasticity

A hyperbolic model for the effects of urbanization on air pollution

In this paper, we formulate a generalized theoretical model to describe the nonlinear dynamics observed in combined frequency-amplitude modulators whose characteristic parameters exhibit a nonlinear dependence on the input modulating signal. The derived analytical solution may give a satisfactory explanation of recent laboratory observations on magnetic spin-transfer oscillators and fully agrees with results of micromagnetic calculations. Since the theory has been developed independently of the mechanism causing the nonlinearities, it may encompass the description of modulation processes of any physical nature, a promising feature for potential applications in the field of communication systems.

Combined Frequency-Amplitude Nonlinear Modulation: Theory and Applications

A one-dimensional hyperbolic reaction-diffusion model of epidemics is developed to describe the dynamics of diseases spread occurring in an environment where three kinds of individuals mutually interact: the susceptibles, the infectives, and the removed. It is assumed that the disease is transmitted from the infected population to the susceptible one according to a nonlinear convex incidence rate. The model, based upon the framework of extended thermodynamics, removes the unphysical feature of instantaneous diffusive effects, which is typical of parabolic models. Linear stability analyses are performed to study the nature of the equilibrium states against uniform and nonuniform perturbations. Emphasis is given to the occurrence of Hopf and Turing bifurcations, which break the temporal and the spatial symmetry of the system, respectively. The existence of traveling wave solutions connecting two steady states is also discussed. The governing equations are also integrated numerically to validate the analytical results and to characterize the spatiotemporal evolution of diseases.

Giovanna Valenti

Papers

A hyperbolic model for the effects of urbanization on air pollution

Combined Frequency-Amplitude Nonlinear Modulation: Theory and Applications

Spread of infectious diseases in a hyperbolic reaction-diffusion susceptible-infected-removed model.

Pattern formation and modulation in a hyperbolic vegetation model for semiarid environments

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of domain wall motion in magnetic nanostrips with crystallographic defects