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Properties Of Concrete

Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

The demand for portable gas sensors is increasing following the progress in the electronics industry; there is an equal need to increase the quality of gas sensors. Spinel ferrites have been used as electronic materials for more than 50 years and offer a suitable ceramic base for the gas sensor market. They are simple, low cost, and compared to other gas sensors have structural and compositional versatility. This review highlights the recent developments and shows the potential of the spinel ferrites on gas sensor technology. Sensing mechanisms for a range of gasses and humidity are explained for n-type, p-type, mixed and substituted spinel ferrite gas sensors. The change in conduction mechanism is discussed outlining electronic and chemical sensitization that both increase the conductivity. Some cation substitutions are shown to change the oxidation state, thereby increasing sensitivity, but noble metals are shown to chemically sensitize spinel ferrites. This review surveys synthesis methods for producing spinel ferrites and discusses future prospects for further improvements.

Spinel ferrite oxide semiconductor gas sensors

Utilizing the electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites is an important strategy to develop high performance solvent sensors. Here we report the synergistic effect of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in regulating the sensitivity of the naturally occurring elastomer, natural rubber (NR). Composites were fabricated by dispersing CNTs alone and together with exfoliated RGO sheets (thermally reduced at temperatures of 200 and 600 °C ) in NR by a solution blending method. RGO exfoliation and the uniform distribution of fillers in the composites were studied by atomic force microscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The solvent sensitivity of the composite samples was noted from the sudden variation in electrical conductivity which was due to the breakdown of the filler networks during swelling in different solvents. It was found that the synergy between CNTs and RGO exfoliated at 200 °C imparts maximum sensitivity to NR in recognizing the usually used aromatic laboratory solvents. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical studies reveal efficient filler reinforcement, depending strongly on the nature of filler–elastomer interactions and supports the sensing mechanism. Such interactions were quantitatively determined using the Maier and Goritz model from Payne effect experiments. It is concluded that the polarity induced by RGO addition reduces the interactions between CNTs and ultimately results in the solvent sensitivity.

Synergistic effect of multi walled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxides in natural rubber for sensing application

Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Electronics

This review is focused on the rapidly expanding field of porous materials for the sensor, actuator, energy storage and energy generation application. The synthesis methods to produce excellent poro...

A review on porous polymer composite materials for multifunctional electronic applications

An extreme and reversible growth of electrical resistance as a response of polyisoprene–high structure carbon nanoparticle composites (PHSCNC) to tensile or compressive strain found in earlier studies is examined with the purpose to adapt the material as a highly sensitive sensor of organic solvents. The change of the electrical resistance of PHSCNC studied during exposure to different organic solvent vapours is reported. The highest sensitivity is detected at concentrations of 9–11 mass parts of the nanoparticle filler corresponding to percolation region of the composite. The mechanism of vapour sensing is studied and the extremely high sensitivity (remarkable and rapid change of the resistance) is explained by tunnel current between adjacent carbon nanoparticles. The rate of the change of resistance is found to depend on the chemical composition of the molecules being absorbed by the polymer matrix.

Polyisoprene and high structure carbon nanoparticle composite for sensing organic solvent vapours

Self-healing of glass fibre reinforced concrete (GRC) and polymer glass fibre reinforced concrete (PGRC) using crystalline admixtures

In this paper highly structured carbon black (HSCB) dispersion method effect on polyisoprene-nanostructured carbon composite (PNCC) organic solvent vapour (OSV) sensitivity is presented. PNCC has been produced using two different HSCB dispersion techniques: (1) dry method: the HSCB dispersed in polyisoprene mixing ingredients by cold rolling and (2) wet method: the HSCB dispersed in chloroform by ultrasonic homogenizer and mixed with solution of rubber in chloroform by magnetic stirring. The sensitivity to OSV of the obtained PNCC is tested by holding the samples in vapour of toluene or ethyl acetate and measuring in situ electrical resistance, mass, and length of the sample. Obtained results indicate two mechanisms of the change of electrical resistance in PNCC. Repeatability of the response of PNCC is tested in case of toluene vapour.

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Gita Šakale

Papers

A review on porous polymer composite materials for multifunctional electronic applications

Polyisoprene and high structure carbon nanoparticle composite for sensing organic solvent vapours

Self-healing of glass fibre reinforced concrete (GRC) and polymer glass fibre reinforced concrete (PGRC) using crystalline admixtures

Polyisoprene-nanostructured carbon composite (PNCC) organic solvent vapour sensitivity and repeatability

Sand size particle amount influence on the full brick quality and technical properties