Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and is the second largest traded commodity after petroleum. Due to the great demand of this product, large amounts of residues are generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent serious environmental problems. Coffee silverskin and spent coffee grounds are the main coffee industry residues, obtained during the beans roasting, and the process to prepare “instant coffee”, respectively. Recently, some attempts have been made to use these residues for energy or value-added compounds production, as strategies to reduce their toxicity levels, while adding value to them. The present article provides an overview regarding coffee and its main industrial residues. In a first part, the composition of beans and their processing, as well as data about the coffee world production and exportation, are presented. In the sequence, the characteristics, chemical composition, and application of the main coffee industry residues are reviewed. Based on these data, it was concluded that coffee may be considered as one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries since its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation, and marketing provide employment for millions of people. As a consequence of this big market, the reuse of the main coffee industry residues is of large importance from environmental and economical viewpoints.

/pdf/production-composition-and-application-of-coffee-and-its-4p8opx28by.pdf

Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues

Bound phenolics in foods, a review

Economic and technical problems related to the reduction of petroleum resources require the valorisation of renewable raw material Recently, microalgae emerged as promising alternative feedstock that represents an enormous biodiversity with multiple benefits exceeding the potential of conventional agricultural feedstock Thus, this comprehensive review article spots the light on one of the most interesting microalga Chlorella vulgaris It assembles the history and a thorough description of its ultrastructure and composition according to growth conditions The harvesting techniques are presented in relation to the novel algo-refinery concept, with their technological advancements and potential applications in the market

/pdf/morphology-composition-production-processing-and-5458j8vfab.pdf

Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review

Biomass pretreatment (BP) plays a crucial role in a lignocellulose feedstock-based biorefinery (LCFBR) for processing of three major output streams (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) into chemicals and biofuels. BP includes processing of lignocellulosic material (LCM) under aqueous, dilute acid or alkaline media to obtain a cellulosic fraction, which is then fermented to produce bioethanol. Hemicellulose is usually treated as a secondary stream due to lack of efficient fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars to ethanol. This review provides BPs assuming that hemicellulose stream should be integrated in LCFBR as a primary fraction for converting into value-added compounds other than bioethanol. Different LCM treatments are analyzed foreseeing bio-based products possible to obtain from hemicellulose path.

/pdf/hemicellulose-biorefineries-a-review-on-biomass-25xztdihi9.pdf

Hemicellulose biorefineries: a review on biomass pretreatments

Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels production: a review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions.

Brewers' spent grain : generation, characteristics and potential applications

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/16591/1/3749.pdf

Nutrient limitation as a strategy for increasing starch accumulation in microalgae

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/22392/1/Artigo8.12_JAT.pdf

Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using industrial dairy waste as organic carbon source.

IBB Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710057 Braga, Portugal Biofuel production from renewable sources is widely considered to be one of the most sustainable alternatives to petroleum sourced fuels and a viable means for environmental and economic sustainability. Microalgae are currently being promoted as an ideal third generation biofuel feedstock because of their rapid growth rate, CO

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/16807/1/3067.pdf

Third generation biofuels from microalgae

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/24919/1/pp.pdf

Giuliano Dragone

Papers

Brewers' spent grain : generation, characteristics and potential applications

Nutrient limitation as a strategy for increasing starch accumulation in microalgae

Mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris using industrial dairy waste as organic carbon source.

Third generation biofuels from microalgae

Optimization of CO2 bio-mitigation by Chlorella vulgaris