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When, in 1956, Artificial Intelligence (AI) was officially declared a research field, no one would have ever predicted the huge influence and impact its description, prediction, and prescription capabilities were going to have on our daily lives. In parallel to continuous advances in AI, the past decade has seen the spread of broadband and ubiquitous connectivity, (embedded) sensors collecting descriptive high dimensional data, and improvements in big data processing techniques and cloud computing. The joint usage of such technologies has led to the creation of digital twins, artificial intelligent virtual replicas of physical systems. Digital Twin (DT) technology is nowadays being developed and commercialized to optimize several manufacturing and aviation processes, while in the healthcare and medicine fields this technology is still at its early development stage. This paper presents the results of a study focused on the analysis of the state-of-the-art definitions of DT, the investigation of the main characteristics that a DT should possess, and the exploration of the domains in which DT applications are currently being developed. The design implications derived from the study are then presented: they focus on socio-technical design aspects and DT lifecycle. Open issues and challenges that require to be addressed in the future are finally discussed.

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A survey on digital twin : definitions, characteristics, applications, and design Implications

This article aims to investigate the Grand Challenges which arise in the current and emerging landscape of rapid technological evolution towards more intelligent interactive technologies, coupled w...

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Seven HCI Grand Challenges

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The Great Good Place Cafes Coffee Shops Community Centers Beauty Parlors General Stores Bars Hangouts And How They Get You Through The Day

Research on the Internet of Things (IoT) has devoted many efforts to technological aspects. Little social and practical benefits have emerged so far. IoT devices, so-called smart objects, are becoming even more pervasive and social, leading to the need to provide non-technical users with innovative interaction strategies for controlling their behavior. In other words, the opportunities offered by IoT can be amplified if new approaches are conceived to enable non-technical users to be directly involved in “composing” their smart objects by synchronizing their behavior. To fulfill this goal, this article introduces a model that includes new operators for defining rules combining multiple events and conditions exposed by smart objects, and for defining temporal and spatial constraints on rule activation. The article also presents the results of an elicitation study that was conducted to identify possible visual paradigms for expressing composition rules. Prototypes implementing the resulting visual paradigms were compared during a controlled experiment and the one that resulted most relevant for our goals was used in a study that involved home-automation experts. Finally, the article discusses some design implications that came out from the performed studies and presents the architecture of a platform supporting rule definition and execution.

https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1027591/2/a12-desolda.pdf

Empowering End Users to Customize their Smart Environments: Model, Composition Paradigms, and Domain-Specific Tools

Large interactive displays are increasingly placed in public (or semipublic) locations, including museums, shops, various city settings, and offices. This article discusses the evolution of such displays by looking at their use and analyzing how they are changing the concept of human-computer interaction through new modalities. By surveying the literature on systems using these displays, relevant features were identified and used as classification dimensions. The analysis provided may inform the design and development of future installations. A discussion on research challenges concludes the article.

Interaction with Large Displays: A Survey

The growing availability of smart objects is stimulating researchers to investigate the Internet of Things (IoT) phenomenon from different perspectives. The potential of this technology is evident in different domains. In Cultural Heritage (CH), it may enhance access to CH collections, in order to ensure a more engaging visit experience and to increase the appropriation of CH content by visitors. So far, research on IoT has primarily focused on technical features of smart objects (e.g., how to program sensors and actuators), while there are very few approaches trying to facilitate the adoption of such a technology by end users. This lack limits the social and practical benefits of IoT; it creates barriers in all those usage scenarios where people would like to define the behavior of smart objects but they might not have the required programming skills. This is becoming evident in CH sites, where different stakeholders would benefit from managing ecosystems of interoperable smart objects to create enhanced visit experiences. This article presents a visual composition paradigm that allows non-programmers to synchronize the behavior of smart objects, thus determining more engaging user experiences. It discusses how the paradigm suites the need of curators and guides of CH sites to define smart visit experiences through which visitors can acquire CH content by interacting with the surrounding environment and the smart objects included in it. A serious game designed with professional guides of CH sites is used as a case study to show the potential of the presented approach.

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From smart objects to smart experiences: An end-user development approach

Objective: The overall objective of the research work presented in this paper is to investigate models, methods and architectures to replace fixed, pre-packaged applications with flexible composition environments that make interactive environments ''emerge'' at run-time, based on composition actions performed by non-technical users. The approach aims at the lightweight construction of integrated, situational workspaces pervasively accessible and sharable through a variety of devices. Methods: Based on a meta-design approach, we designed and implemented a platform that allows end users, not necessarily experts of technologies, to extract contents from heterogeneous sources and compose Personal Information Spaces (PISs) that satisfy their information needs. Specific emphasis is posed on the adoption of a composition paradigm that abstracts from technical details and can thus be used by non-technical users. Results: The platform for service composition that supports the activity of the different involved stakeholders is described in details. Thanks to the separation of concerns on which the composition paradigm is based, the overall approach and its enabling platform are also amenable to customization with respect to the requirements of specific domains. Conclusion: We present an approach where a composition platform enables the extraction of content from heterogeneous services and its integration into situational applications where content presentation is flexibly managed through different visual templates. We also discuss the advantages offered by this approach to the stakeholders of a specific community of users in the Cultural Heritage domain. Practice: The developed prototypes were evaluated in laboratories and field studies: the former aimed at investigating the ease of use and the users satisfaction of the functionality and the user interface of the environment for domain customization, the latter aimed instead at observing real users (e.g., guides of an archeological park) in action, to assess the validity of the proposed composition paradigm as an EUD practice. Implications: The user studies described in this paper provided hints for refining the prototypes, and laid the basis for future work related to the identification of design principles that can make service-based composition technologies in general more useful and usable for end users.

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User-driven visual composition of service-based interactive spaces

Introduction The availability of new technologies, ranging from last generation mobile devices to gestural input, multimodal interfaces, multi-touch displays, etc., is bringing about changes in the field of education. Schools are under increasing political pressure to demonstrate that technologies actually improve student learning but assessments conducted on technology programs have not always yielded significantly improved student performances (Oviatt 2012). Our experience suggests that technological tools cannot replace the teacher, but they can certainly be considered a valid support for students in their learning paths (Costabile et al., 2008; Lanzilotti and Roselli, 2007). It is indispensable to define learning techniques that allow teachers to exploit technology to support students' acquisition of new knowledge. Games based on information and communication technologies have proven to provide a valid support for effective learning (Cabrera et al., 2005; Lanzilotti and Roselli, 2007; Rogers et al. 2005). An educational game creates a pleasant learning environment, in which students learn more easily and enjoyably. Games foster relational skills, encouraging young people to work in groups and collaborate to attain given objectives. Each student carries out the activities s/he feels most congenial and, by working together, they can solve clues or problems, overcoming difficulties thanks to their common efforts. Innovative technologies, like mobile devices, multimodal interfaces, multi-touch displays, etc., can make the game more engaging (Oviatt 2012). This paper describes a study that shows how more traditional learning carried out at school may be integrated with educational games that employ advanced technology, namely large multi-touch displays. To perform this integration, a new educational format is proposed, which is inspired by the Discovery Learning technique defined by Bruner in his Constructivism theory (Bruner, 1990). Bruner defines learning as an active process in which new information goes through three different types of representation: symbolic (based on language), active (based on action), and iconic (based on images). The educational format indicates how to provide pupils information by integrating formal learning activities, as performed in traditional school settings, with more informal and technology-based learning activities, in order to facilitate knowledge acquisition and also consolidating it. The study was conducted to validate the educational format and evaluate the use of the multi-touch technology in school. It enrolled 107 pupils of six fifth grade classes at a primary school in Bari, Italy. Results showed that the educational format was effective and all pupils enjoyed the experience. The system implementing the educational game proved to be very engaging, able to stimulate pupils to work in group and to favor inclusion. Inclusion refers to the involvement in the school activities of all students, regardless their possible disabilities, as those derived from the social, cultural and personal context of the student (Ianes, 2012). Indeed, even those pupils, who were usually timid in class, were very much involved and actively collaborated with their companions. The paper is organized as follows. The next section reports related works on multi-touch technology applied to educational activities. The third section presents the educational format. The educational game implemented on a large multi-touch display is described in the fourth section. Next, the field study and its results are reported. The paper concludes by discussing our findings and proposing directions for future research. Related work There is growing interest in investigating the use of multi-touch displays in different domains, thanks to their decreasing cost and increasing availability. Multi-touch displays have been used for gaming and entertainment (Tse et al., 2011), to support tourists (Jacucci et al. …

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Giuseppe Desolda

Papers

Empowering End Users to Customize their Smart Environments: Model, Composition Paradigms, and Domain-Specific Tools

Interaction with Large Displays: A Survey

From smart objects to smart experiences: An end-user development approach

User-driven visual composition of service-based interactive spaces

Integrating Traditional Learning and Games on Large Displays: An Experimental Study