https://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2012/cochranrvwrschbias.pdf

The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

Charge, Sophie B. P., and Michael A. Rudnicki. Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Muscle Regeneration. Physiol Rev 84: 209–238, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00019.2003.—Under normal circumstances, mamma...

Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Muscle Regeneration

Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later modulated by neural and hormonal factors. The relative proportion of the different fiber types varies strikingly between species, and in humans shows significant variability between individuals. Myosin heavy chain isoforms, whose complete inventory and expression pattern are now available, provide a useful marker for fiber types, both for the four major forms present in trunk and limb muscles and the minor forms present in head and neck muscles. However, muscle fiber diversity involves all functional muscle cell compartments, including membrane excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contractile machinery, cytoskeleton scaffold, and energy supply systems. Variations within each compartment are limited by the need of matching fiber type properties between different compartments. Nerve activity is a major control mechanism of the fiber type profile, and multiple signaling pathways are implicated in activity-dependent changes of muscle fibers. The characterization of these pathways is raising increasing interest in clinical medicine, given the potentially beneficial effects of muscle fiber type switching in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.

Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles.

This review aims to summarize the latest developments with regard to physical fitness and several health outcomes in young people. The literature reviewed suggests that (1) cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with total and abdominal adiposity; (2) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are shown to be associated with established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors; (3) improvements in muscular fitness and speed/agility, rather than cardiorespiratory fitness, seem to have a positive effect on skeletal health; (4) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness enhancements are recommended in pediatric cancer patients/survivors in order to attenuate fatigue and improve their quality of life; and (5) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness have positive effects on depression, anxiety, mood status and self-esteem, and seem also to be associated with a higher academic performance. In conclusion, health promotion policies and physical activity programs should be designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, but also two other physical fitness components such us muscular fitness and speed/agility. Schools may play an important role by identifying children with low physical fitness and by promoting positive health behaviors such as encouraging children to be active, with special emphasis on the intensity of the activity.

Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health

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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 37 articles, 19 of which you can access free at: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/100/2/548#BIBL Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/100/2/548 Additional material and information about Journal of Applied Physiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/jappl This information is current as of January 18, 2006 . € ISSN: 8750-7587, ESSN: 1522-1601. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/.

myosin structural distribution detrimentally affects muscle contractile function and Removal of ovarian hormones from mature mice

the mouse measurements of torque produced about the ankle in A stimulating nerve cuff for chronic in vivo


 Estradiol (E2) influences the inflammatory response. Research has shown that skeletal muscle chemokine mRNA expression and neutrophil infiltration after a traumatic freeze injury are blunted in ovariectomized mice treated with placebo compared to E2-treated mice. How E2 deficiency alters the acute muscle inflammatory response is unclear with potential mechanisms including alterations in the number of circulating leukocytes, leukocyte chemotaxis, and/or muscle chemokine expression. To investigate these possibilities, female C57BL/6J mice underwent a sham or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery, 21–28 d later tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were freeze injured. TA muscles and blood were collected 24 h post injury. Total white blood cell (149%) and monocytes (427%) were elevated in OVX compared to Sham mice but there was no difference in the neutrophil counts (p≥0.64). To determine if E2 deficiency impacts leukocyte chemotaxis, isolated leukocytes from bone marrow of non-injured Sham or OVX mice were placed in a transwell migration assay. OVX leukocytes had greater chemotaxis towards CXCL1 (37%), CXCL2 (43%), and CXCL5 (27%) than Sham. To examine if E2 deficiency alters muscle CXCL1 and CXCL5 protein content contributing to chemotaxis, ELISA assays were performed. Surprisingly, muscle CXCL1 and CXCL5 contents were similar between OVX and Sham. Collectively, mice lacking E2 have relatively high blood leukocytes and chemotaxis suggesting a greater acute inflammatory response which appears not to be driven by changes in muscle chemokine expression. Additional studies need to consider possible negative regulators of the acute inflammatory response in OVX muscle.
 Supported by DAL and GW (R01AG031743 & R01AG062899), and SLM (T32AR007612)

Influence of estradiol deficiency on the acute inflammatory response following a traumatic skeletal muscle injury

Skeletal muscles and bones are structurally and functionally linked, such that bone strength is primarily determined the frequency and magnitude of the mechanical strain derived from muscular contractions. Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury results in a significant loss of muscle tissue and a non-recoverable loss of muscle strength. However, the extent to which limbs that sustain a VML injury have associated changes to bone structure and functional capacity is unknown. This study’s objective was to investigate whether VML injury affects the adjacent tibial bone structure and functional capacity in adult male C57BL/6J mice. At 12 weeks of age, mice (n=14) underwent a unilateral VML injury (4mm diameter muscle biopsy) to the left hindlimb plantar flexor muscles, while the right limbs served as uninjured controls. At 20 weeks of age (2 months post-VML injury), mice were bilaterally tested for in vivo peak-isometric plantarflexion torque. Post-mortem analyses of tibial bone structure and mechanical properties was assessed via μCT and 3-point bending tests, respectively, at the mid-diaphysis. Statistical analyses were performed between injured and uninjured limbs via paired t-test, with an α-level of 0.05. At 2 months post-injury, VML-injured limbs had significantly less gastrocnemius muscle mass (28%), and peak-isometric torque (35%) as compared to uninjured limbs (p<0.001). Tibial bone strength, as measured by ultimate load, demonstrated a trend in VML-injured limbs to be 3% lower than that in uninjured limbs (p=0.055). Most notably, the cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), the principal structural determinant of the bone’s ultimate load was 9% smaller in VML-injured limbs as compared to uninjured limbs (p=0.035). Additional structural changes in cortical bone were detected: notably, less cortical bone thickness (4.5%), volume (6.6%), and cross-sectional area (4.9%) in VML-injured limbs as compared to the uninjured limb (p≤ 0.025). Bone-to-muscle functional ratio (i.e., ultimate load:peak-isometric torque) was 38% greater in VML-injured limbs compared to uninjured limbs (p<0.001) indicating the deficits in muscle far outweigh that of bone at 2 months post-injury. Future research directions include determining if more time post-VML injury has a greater effect on bone ultimate load and exploring the extent to which the uninjured limbs in VML-injured mice experience compensatory or related changes to bone structure and function. W81XWH-20-1-0885 to JAC and SMG This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Gordon L. Warren

Papers

myosin structural distribution detrimentally affects muscle contractile function and Removal of ovarian hormones from mature mice

the mouse measurements of torque produced about the ankle in A stimulating nerve cuff for chronic in vivo

Influence of estradiol deficiency on the acute inflammatory response following a traumatic skeletal muscle injury

Effects of volumetric muscle loss injury on contractile function, and bone structure and functional capacity in male C57BL/6J mice

injured by eccentric contractions Decreased contraction economy in mouse EDL muscle