https://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2012/cochranrvwrschbias.pdf

The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

Charge, Sophie B. P., and Michael A. Rudnicki. Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Muscle Regeneration. Physiol Rev 84: 209–238, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00019.2003.—Under normal circumstances, mamma...

Cellular and Molecular Regulation of Muscle Regeneration

Mammalian skeletal muscle comprises different fiber types, whose identity is first established during embryonic development by intrinsic myogenic control mechanisms and is later modulated by neural and hormonal factors. The relative proportion of the different fiber types varies strikingly between species, and in humans shows significant variability between individuals. Myosin heavy chain isoforms, whose complete inventory and expression pattern are now available, provide a useful marker for fiber types, both for the four major forms present in trunk and limb muscles and the minor forms present in head and neck muscles. However, muscle fiber diversity involves all functional muscle cell compartments, including membrane excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, contractile machinery, cytoskeleton scaffold, and energy supply systems. Variations within each compartment are limited by the need of matching fiber type properties between different compartments. Nerve activity is a major control mechanism of the fiber type profile, and multiple signaling pathways are implicated in activity-dependent changes of muscle fibers. The characterization of these pathways is raising increasing interest in clinical medicine, given the potentially beneficial effects of muscle fiber type switching in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.

Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles.

This review aims to summarize the latest developments with regard to physical fitness and several health outcomes in young people. The literature reviewed suggests that (1) cardiorespiratory fitness levels are associated with total and abdominal adiposity; (2) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness are shown to be associated with established and emerging cardiovascular disease risk factors; (3) improvements in muscular fitness and speed/agility, rather than cardiorespiratory fitness, seem to have a positive effect on skeletal health; (4) both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness enhancements are recommended in pediatric cancer patients/survivors in order to attenuate fatigue and improve their quality of life; and (5) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness have positive effects on depression, anxiety, mood status and self-esteem, and seem also to be associated with a higher academic performance. In conclusion, health promotion policies and physical activity programs should be designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, but also two other physical fitness components such us muscular fitness and speed/agility. Schools may play an important role by identifying children with low physical fitness and by promoting positive health behaviors such as encouraging children to be active, with special emphasis on the intensity of the activity.

Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health

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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

You might find this additional info useful...This article has been cited by 8 other HighWire hosted articles, the first 5 are:€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol 2008; 105 (2): 527-537.Benjamin T. Corona, Clement Rouviere, Susan L. Hamilton and Christopher P. IngallsinjuryFKBP12 deficiency reduces strength deficits after eccentric contraction-induced muscle€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol 2008; 105 (5): 1542-1553.Benjamin T. Corona, Clement Rouviere, Susan L. Hamilton and Christopher P. Ingallssusceptible miceEccentric contractions do not induce rhabdomyolysis in malignant hyperthermia€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February , 2010; 298 (2): C365-C376.B. T. Corona, E. M. Balog, J. A. Doyle, J. C. Rupp, R. C. Luke and C. P. Ingallseccentric contractionsJunctophilin damage contributes to early strength deficits and EC coupling failure after€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol, July , 2011; 111 (1): 200-205.Jarrod A. Call, James M. Ervasti and Dawn A. Lowedouble-knockout miceTAT-µUtrophin mitigates the pathophysiology of dystrophin and utrophin€[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J Appl Physiol, December , 2011; 111 (6): 1768-1777.Jarrod A. Call, Michael D. Eckhoff, Kristen A. Baltgalvis, Gordon L. Warren and Dawn A. LowecontractionAdaptive strength gains in dystrophic muscle exposed to repeated bouts of eccentricUpdated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at:/content/282/4/R1122.full.html and Comparative Physiology can be found at:Additional material and information about American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrativehttp://www.the-aps.org/publications/ajpreguThis information is current as of August 16, 2013.€

Gordon L. Warren

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