From scientific management to human relations movement, from cottage industries to craft guilds, from the industrial age to the informational society, the issues that have dominated the field of Industrial, Work and Organizational (IWO) Psychology have changed over the years. In the 21st century, IWO Psychology is becoming a global science and an arena for professional practice. In editing these two volumes, our objectives were (1) to cover recent research on work and organizational psychology by leading experts around the globe and (2) to develop a psychology of work principles that are applicable across international boundaries. Volume 1 primarily focuses on individuals in organizations and covers personnel psychology issues.

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Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology

Item response theory (IRT) and related latent variable models represent modern psychometric theory, the successor to classical test theory in psychological assessment. Although IRT has become prevalent in the measurement of ability and achievement, its contributions to clinical domains have been less extensive. Applications of IRT to clinical assessment are reviewed to appraise its current and potential value. Benefits of IRT include comprehensive analyses and reduction of measurement error, creation of computer adaptive tests, meaningful scaling of latent variables, objective calibration and equating, evaluation of test and item bias, greater accuracy in the assessment of change due to therapeutic intervention, and evaluation of model and person fit. The theory may soon reinvent the manner in which tests are selected, developed, and scored. Although challenges remain to the widespread implementation of IRT, its application to clinical assessment holds great promise. Recommendations for research, test development, and clinical practice are provided.

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The Value of Item Response Theory in Clinical Assessment: A Review

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights some foundational and statistical issues involved in validity theory and validation practice It discusses several foundational issues focusing on several observations about the current state of affairs in validity theory and practice, introducing a new framework for considering the bounds and limitations of the measurement inferences It also discusses the distinction between measures and indices The chapter deals with two statistical methods—variable ordering and latent variable regression—and introduces a methodology for variable-ordering in latent variable regression models in validity research Measurement or test score validation is an ongoing process wherein an evidence to support the appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of the speciﬁc inferences made from scores about individuals from a given sample and in a given context is provided The concept, method, and processes of validation are central to constructing and evaluating measures used in the social, behavioral, health, and human sciences because without validation any inferences made from a measure are potentially meaningless, inappropriate, and of limited usefulness

3 Validity: Foundational Issues and Statistical Methodology

Structural equation modeling on questionnaire data showed that prejudice toward different target groups can be represented in terms of a general prejudice factor. Distinction of classical and modern prejudice only increased model fit marginally. In two separate samples (paper and pencil vs. Internet) several structural models of the relationship between key individual difference variables and prejudice were tested, revealing highly similar results. Social dominance orientation, empathy, and right-wing authoritarianism had direct effects on generalized prejudice. The effect of participant sex on generalized prejudice, where the men scored higher, was largely mediated by empathy. The benefit of including empathy in structural models of prejudice is emphasized.

Structural modeling of generalized prejudice: The role of social dominance, authoritarianism, and empathy

This study explored perceptions of women as a function of their reactions to a sexist remark. One hundred and twenty college students (60 women and 60 men) were asked to read a transcript of a conversation among 3 friends (2 men and 1 woman). As part of a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects design, male and female participants read a scenario in which one of the men made either a sexist remark or an ambiguous remark, which the woman then either ignored or confronted. The results showed that female participants both liked and respected the target woman more when she confronted the sexist remark than when she did not confront it. However, although male participants' respect for the target was not affected by her response to the sexist remark, they liked the target woman less when she confronted the sexist remark than when she did not confront it. Previous research (J. K. Swim & L. L. Hyers, 1998) suggests that although women often want to confront sexist remarks, in practice they may remain silent because of self-presentational concerns. Our results confirmed that women's fears of negative repercussions are somewhat justified, at least as far as men are concerned.

Respected or Rejected: Perceptions of Women Who Confront Sexist Remarks

Working from the Principle of Beneficence we make the case that there is a need for adequate measures of sexism in men and women. Swim, Aikin, Hall and Hunter (1995) suggest that modern sexism represents a constellation of beliefs in which individuals: (a) disavow women's present-day discrimination; (b) reject women's demands for political and economic power; and (c) disapprove of policies designed to promote gender equality. To assess this construct, Swim et al. (1995) developed the Modern Sexism Scale (MSS), and to date, few studies have assessed its reliability and factor structure. Using data from 187 Canadian participants, confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the unidimensionality of the MSS and Swim and associates' (1995) Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale (OFSS). Results do not support Swim et al.'s conceptualization of modern sexism as a unidimensional construct; however, the OFSS fit a unidimensional model. The implications of these findings are discussed.

An investigation of measures of modern and old-fashioned sexism

Roskam conjectured in 1985 that a general interpretation can be made for the a-parameter (slope) in an item response theory (IRT) analysis of personality inventories. That is, Roskam suggested that steeper slopes (and hence higher item-total correlations in classical test theory) will be found with more concretely worded items, whereas lower slopes will be found with more abstractly worded items. The authors tested this conjecture using item-total correlations and both two- and three-parameter IRT models with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and were unable to support Roskam's proposed interpretation.

Gregory A. Pope

Papers

An investigation of measures of modern and old-fashioned sexism

An Empirical Test of Roskam's Conjecture about the Interpretation of an ICC Parameter in Personality Inventories