Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—A review

The application of nanomaterials (NMs) in biomedicine is increasing rapidly and offers excellent prospects for the development of new non-invasive strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this review, we provide a brief description of cancer pathology and the characteristics that are important for tumor-targeted NM design, followed by an overview of the different types of NMs explored to date, covering synthetic aspects and approaches explored for their application in unimodal and multimodal imaging, diagnosis and therapy. Significant synthetic advances now allow for the preparation of NMs with highly controlled geometry, surface charge, physicochemical properties, and the decoration of their surfaces with polymers and bioactive molecules in order to improve biocompatibility and to achieve active targeting. This is stimulating the development of a diverse range of nanometer-sized objects that can recognize cancer tissue, enabling visualization of tumors, delivery of anti-cancer drugs and/or the destruction of tumors by different therapeutic techniques.

Nanomaterials: Applications in Cancer Imaging and Therapy

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) with appropriate surface chemistry exhibit many interesting properties that can be exploited in a variety of biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement, tissue repair, hyperthermia, drug delivery and in cell separation. These applications required that the MNPs such as iron oxide Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) having high magnetization values and particle size smaller than 100 nm. This paper reports the experimental detail for preparation of monodisperse oleic acid (OA)-coated Fe3O4 MNPs by chemical co-precipitation method to determine the optimum pH, initial temperature and stirring speed in order to obtain the MNPs with small particle size and size distribution that is needed for biomedical applications. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the particle size as well as the magnetization of the MNPs was very much dependent on pH, initial temperature of Fe2+ and Fe3+ solutions and steering speed. The monodisperse Fe3O4 MNPs coated with oleic acid with size of 7.8 ± 1.9 nm were successfully prepared at optimum pH 11, initial temperature of 45 °C and at stirring rate of 800 rpm. FTIR and XRD data reveal that the oleic acid molecules were adsorbed on the magnetic nanoparticles by chemisorption. Analyses of TEM show the oleic acid provided the Fe3O4 particles with better dispersibility. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic behavior and the saturation magnetization of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased with the particle size.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/18/7/7533/pdf

Synthesis, Surface Modification and Characterisation of Biocompatible Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Chitosan nanoparticles are good drug carriers because of their good biocompatibility and biodegradability, and can be readily modified. As a new drug delivery system, they have attracted increasing attention for their wide applications in, for example, loading protein drugs, gene drugs, and anticancer chemical drugs, and via various routes of administration including oral, nasal, intravenous, and ocular. This paper reviews published research on chitosan nanoparticles, including its preparation methods, characteristics, modification, in vivo metabolic processes, and applications.

https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=9661

Recent advances of chitosan nanoparticles as drug carriers.

Magnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles with a long blood retention time, biodegradability and low toxicity have emerged as one of the primary nanomaterials for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. IO nanoparticles have a large surface area and can be engineered to provide a large number of functional groups for cross-linking to tumor-targeting ligands such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, or small molecules for diagnostic imaging or delivery of therapeutic agents. IO nanoparticles possess unique paramagnetic properties, which generate significant susceptibility effects resulting in strong T2 and T*2 contrast, as well as T1 effects at very low concentrations for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is widely used for clinical oncology imaging. We review recent advances in the development of targeted IO nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy.

/pdf/targeted-magnetic-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-for-tumor-imaging-4swzt0k5w0.pdf

Targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy

Preparation of Fe3O4–chitosan nanoparticles used for hyperthermia

Preparation and characterization of Fe3O4/polystyrene composite particles via inverse emulsion polymerization

Synthesis of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles via chitosan-poly (acrylic acid) template and their application in MRI

Preparation of octahedral shaped Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 ferrites via co-precipitation

Magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres were prepared by double-miniemulsion polymerization. First, oleic acid coated magnetite particles synthesized by means of coprecipitation were dispersed into octane to obtain a ferrofluid. The ferrofluid and MMA were emulsified to form O/W emulsion, respectively. Subsequently two miniemulsions were mixed together for polymerization. The obtained magnetic polymer particles were characterized by, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetry. The results showed that oleic acid coated magnetite particles were well encapsulated in PMMA. The effects of initiator dosage and monomer concentration on the conversion of MMA were also investigated. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112:89-98, 2009

Guang Liu

Papers

Preparation of Fe3O4–chitosan nanoparticles used for hyperthermia

Preparation and characterization of Fe3O4/polystyrene composite particles via inverse emulsion polymerization

Synthesis of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles via chitosan-poly (acrylic acid) template and their application in MRI

Preparation of octahedral shaped Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 ferrites via co-precipitation

Double-Miniemulsion Preparation of Fe3O4/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Magnetic Latex