2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol or 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2,4-DTBP) is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms. The biosources and bioactivities of 2,4-DTBP have been well investigated, but the phenol has not been systematically reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive review of 2,4-DTBP and its analogs with emphasis on natural sources and bioactivities. 2,4-DTBP has been found in at least 169 species of bacteria (16 species, 10 families), fungi (11 species, eight families), diatom (one species, one family), liverwort (one species, one family), pteridiphyta (two species, two families), gymnosperms (four species, one family), dicots (107 species, 58 families), monocots (22 species, eight families), and animals (five species, five families). 2,4-DTBP is often a major component of violate or essential oils and it exhibits potent toxicity against almost all testing organisms, including the producers; however, it is not clear why organisms produce autotoxic 2,4-DTBP and its analogs. The accumulating evidence indicates that the endocidal regulation seems to be the primary function of the phenols in the producing organisms.

/pdf/natural-sources-and-bioactivities-of-2-4-di-tert-butylphenol-4jkp68lax0.pdf

Natural Sources and Bioactivities of 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol and Its Analogs

Extraction, structural analysis, derivatization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Chinese yam.

Jujube fruit: A potential nutritious fruit for the development of functional food products

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit is one of the largest productions in China and its increasing production has drawn considerable attention from researchers. Polysaccharide is one of the most abundant components of jujube, and it represents a major group of biolotegically active constituents. This study intended to investigate the special structure of a homogeneous acidic polysaccharide (PZMP4) produced from Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Muzao fruit using novel methods, including DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The structure of PZMP4 was determined via high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results reveal that PZMP4 with a molecular weight of 27.90 kDa was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid at a ratio of 2.32:2.21:0.22:0.88:2.08:8.83. Advanced structural analysis revealed a netted structure with molecular aggregates of PZMP4. Structural features demonstrated that the basic backbone of PZMP4 appeared to mainly consist of (1→4)-linked GalpA with three branches bonded to O-3 of (1→3)-linked Araf, (1→2)-linked Rhap, and terminated with GalpA. PZMP4’s unique structure could imply distinct bioactivities and have considerable utilization in functional food.

/pdf/structural-characterization-of-polysaccharide-from-jujube-395s9n0w79.pdf

Structural characterization of polysaccharide from jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit

Water, a necessary component of cell protoplasm, plays an essential role in supporting life on Earth; nevertheless, extreme changes in climatic conditions limit water availability, causing numerous issues, such as the current water-scarce regimes in many regions of the biome. This review aims to collect data from various published studies in the literature to understand and critically analyze plants’ morphological, growth, yield, and physio-biochemical responses to drought stress and their potential to modulate and nullify the damaging effects of drought stress via activating natural physiological and biochemical mechanisms. In addition, the review described current breakthroughs in understanding how plant hormones influence drought stress responses and phytohormonal interaction through signaling under water stress regimes. The information for this review was systematically gathered from different global search engines and the scientific literature databases Science Direct, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, related studies, published books, and articles. Drought stress is a significant obstacle to meeting food demand for the world’s constantly growing population. Plants cope with stress regimes through changes to cellular osmotic potential, water potential, and activation of natural defense systems in the form of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of osmolytes including proteins, proline, glycine betaine, phenolic compounds, and soluble sugars. Phytohormones modulate developmental processes and signaling networks, which aid in acclimating plants to biotic and abiotic challenges and, consequently, their survival. Significant progress has been made for jasmonates, salicylic acid, and ethylene in identifying important components and understanding their roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. Other plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, brassinosteroids, and peptide hormones, have been linked to plant defense signaling pathways in various ways.

/pdf/plants-physio-biochemical-and-phyto-hormonal-responses-to-1dxik3x7.pdf

Plants’ Physio-Biochemical and Phyto-Hormonal Responses to Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress: A Comprehensive Review

Polysaccharides were extracted from jujube fruit using an efficient, optimized subcritical water extraction process. A maximum crude polysaccharide yield of 7.9% was obtained at an extraction temperature of 140 °C and a time of 60 min. The crude polysaccharides extracted under these conditions were purified. Three polysaccharide fractions, ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3, were obtained and their structures were investigated. The three fractions were mainly composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid. ZP3 was further investigated using methylation and NMR spectroscopy, and ZP3 comprised a main chain of (1 → 4)-α-D-GalAp, (1 → 2,4)-α-L-Rhap, with a (1 → 4,6)-α-D-Galp branch. Assays of antioxidant activity showed that ZP3 exhibited a remarkable DPPH capacity and moderate hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, suggesting that it has potential applications as a natural antioxidant in foods and pharmaceuticals.

Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from jujube using subcritical water

Effect of various drying pretreatments on the structural and functional properties of starch isolated from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thumb.)

Enzyme-assisted extraction is a powerful technology for polysaccharides from plant materials. In the present investigation, the emulsifying properties of Chinese yam polysaccharides extracted by enzyme-assisted methods were determined and compared to the properties of polysaccharide fractions isolated by conventional hot water method. The structural properties of the various polysaccharide fractions were also investigated to understand their relationships with emulsifying properties. Results showed that the polysaccharide fractions extracted by papain hydrolysis exhibited relatively better emulsifying activities and stability. According to particle size distribution and gravitational phase separation experiments, PA12 exhibited the best emulsifying capacity and stability among the various polysaccharide fractions. All of the polysaccharide fractions differed from each other with respect to monosaccharide composition, free amino acid distribution, molecular weight, and flow behavior; these differences influenced the emulsifying properties of the polysaccharide fractions. The results obtained provide important information for choosing appropriate polysaccharide-based emulsifiers for food processing and other applications.

Emulsifying and structural properties of polysaccharides extracted from Chinese yam by an enzyme-assisted method

Structural elucidation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit.

Effects of various oil extraction methods on the structural and functional properties of starches isolated from tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) tuber meals

Guang-Yong Qin

Papers

Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from jujube using subcritical water

Effect of various drying pretreatments on the structural and functional properties of starch isolated from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thumb.)

Emulsifying and structural properties of polysaccharides extracted from Chinese yam by an enzyme-assisted method

Structural elucidation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit.

Effects of various oil extraction methods on the structural and functional properties of starches isolated from tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) tuber meals