Compared with free enzymes, immobilized enzymes are more robust and resistant to environmental changes. In addition, with enhanced stability, immobilized enzymes can be separated from the reaction mixture and used for repeated cycles. These advantages prompt their applications in various fields. This review outlines the existing methods and easy separated support materials for enzymes immobilization. After a brief introduction on the immobilized enzyme, the immobilization methods of adsorption, entrapment, covalent attachment and cross-linking are discussed. The emphasis is given on the easy separated support materials of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), membranes and capillary columns. An outlook on the immobilized enzyme is given at last.

Advances on methods and easy separated support materials for enzymes immobilization

Catalytic applications of enzymes encapsulated in metal–organic frameworks

Optimization protocols and improved strategies for metal-organic frameworks for immobilizing enzymes: Current development and future challenges

An overview on advancements in biobased transesterification methods for biodiesel production: Oil resources, extraction, biocatalysts, and process intensification technologies

Magnetic-metal organic framework (magnetic-MOF): A novel platform for enzyme immobilization and nanozyme applications.

In this article, a Fe3O4@MOF core-shell microsphere has been successfully prepared by growing MIL-100(Fe), three dimensional (3D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The resultant composite microsphere exhibited both magnetic characteristics and large specific surface area, making them excellent candidates for enzyme immobilization. Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized as a model enzyme on core-shell microspheres. The results showed that the immobilized enzyme for hydrolysis of olive oil retained >65% of its initial activity at 65 °C over 6 h; and the residual activity still remained about 60% of the initial activity after the 10th catalysis run. Therefore, such MOF based core-shell magnetic composite microspheres showed promising applications as an enzyme immobilization support.

Guanghui Zhao

Papers

Facile preparation of Fe3O4@MOF core-shell microspheres for lipase immobilization