Data preprocessing is widely recognized as an important stage in anomaly detection. This paper reviews the data preprocessing techniques used by anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS), concentrating on which aspects of the network traffic are analyzed, and what feature construction and selection methods have been used. Motivation for the paper comes from the large impact data preprocessing has on the accuracy and capability of anomaly-based NIDS. The review finds that many NIDS limit their view of network traffic to the TCP/IP packet headers. Time-based statistics can be derived from these headers to detect network scans, network worm behavior, and denial of service attacks. A number of other NIDS perform deeper inspection of request packets to detect attacks against network services and network applications. More recent approaches analyze full service responses to detect attacks targeting clients. The review covers a wide range of NIDS, highlighting which classes of attack are detectable by each of these approaches.

Data preprocessing is found to predominantly rely on expert domain knowledge for identifying the most relevant parts of network traffic and for constructing the initial candidate set of traffic features. On the other hand, automated methods have been widely used for feature extraction to reduce data dimensionality, and feature selection to find the most relevant subset of features from this candidate set. The review shows a trend toward deeper packet inspection to construct more relevant features through targeted content parsing. These context sensitive features are required to detect current attacks.

Data preprocessing for anomaly based network intrusion detection : a review

Cherubism is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by bilateral and symmetric fibro-osseous lesions limited to the mandible and maxilla. In most patients, cherubism is due to dominant mutations in the SH3BP2 gene on chromosome 4p16.3. Affected children appear normal at birth. Swelling of the jaws usually appears between 2 and 7 years of age, after which, lesions proliferate and increase in size until puberty. The lesions subsequently begin to regress, fill with bone and remodel until age 30, when they are frequently not detectable. Fibro-osseous lesions, including those in cherubism have been classified as quiescent, non-aggressive and aggressive on the basis of clinical behavior and radiographic findings. Quiescent cherubic lesions are usually seen in older patients and do not demonstrate progressive growth. Non-aggressive lesions are most frequently present in teenagers. Lesions in the aggressive form of cherubism occur in young children and are large, rapidly growing and may cause tooth displacement, root resorption, thinning and perforation of cortical bone. Because cherubism is usually self-limiting, operative treatment may not be necessary. Longitudinal observation and follow-up is the initial management in most cases. Surgical intervention with curettage, contouring or resection may be indicated for functional or aesthetic reasons. Surgical procedures are usually performed when the disease becomes quiescent. Aggressive lesions that cause severe functional problems such as airway obstruction justify early surgical intervention.

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Cherubism: best clinical practice

Curing profile of bulk-fill resin-based composites

Fault detection, diagnosis and recovery using Artificial Immune Systems: A review

Recently, significant advancement has occurred in vibrational (Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] and Raman) spectroscopy associated with dental materials. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies have emerged as significant breakthrough techniques and offer exciting new possibilities in the area of dental materials. These techniques have been used to obtain chemical images of formulations and allow researchers to find out the in situ structure of materials. This review summarizes the information obtained from these two techniques and their application in dental material sciences. The presented database of vibrational spectroscopy facilitated the appropriate identification of frequently used dental materials ranging from filling, obturating, adhesive, lining/luting materials, and prosthodontics materials. Spectral peaks that are related to these materials are discussed in detail, which provided crucial data in understanding the chemical structural properties. The application of vibrational spectroscopy allowe...

Vibrational spectroscopy of selective dental restorative materials

Cherubism: clinicoradiographic features, treatment, and long-term follow-up of 8 cases.

This paper describes an immune-inspired system based on an alternate theory about the self-nonself distinction theory, which defines the negative selection process as a mechanism of a fuzzy system based on the affinity between antigen and T-cells. This theory may provide a decision making tool which improves the generation of detectors or even define new data monitoring in order to detect an extreme variation of the system behavior, which means anomalies occurrences. Through these algorithms, tests are performed to detect faults of a DC motor. Upon detection of faults, a participatory clustering algorithm is used to classify these faults and tested to obtain the best set of parameters to achieve the most accurate clustering for these tests in the application being discussed in the article.

Immune inspired Fault Detection and Diagnosis: A fuzzy-based approach of the negative selection algorithm and participatory clustering

The aim of the present paper was to review the literature concerning the dimensional stability of dental elastomeric impression materials, to support recommendations to control the variables that influence the accuracy of these materials An electronic search of the Scopus and PubMed databases was performed in November 2010 Articles were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: investigation of the dimensional stability of dental elastomers, an experimental study, sample size reported, laboratory tests described, and published in an English language peer-reviewed journal The search resulted in 47 articles published between 1958 and 2008; of these, 24 were selected for inclusion in the present study Great variability was discovered in the experimental methodologies used, such as different working times, temperatures and storage mediums for the impressions, impression techniques, material thicknesses, tray types, and methods of evaluation Despite the lack of standardization among the studies, this review supports the following recommendations to control the dimensional stability: impressions should be stored at temperatures between 21 +/- 2 degrees C; polyether impressions should be stored in an environment with a relative humidity below 50%; time until pouring has been settled for each elastomer material

http://drguilherme.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/dimensional-stability.pdf

Dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials: a critical review of the literature.

This work presents a hybrid model of case-based reasoning (CBR) and artificial immune systems (AIS), which is able to manage the processes of recovery, adaptation (reuse and revision) and retention of cases. The developed model also provides an alternative way of clustering cases, identifying high density areas, improve search efficiency in the case space and store relationships among similar cases. The proposed model is applied to a fault detection and diagnosis problem of direct currnet motor nenchmark and the obtained results are compared using specific CBR performance metrics showing promising perspectives for the proposed model.

Guilherme Costa Silva

Papers

Cherubism: clinicoradiographic features, treatment, and long-term follow-up of 8 cases.

Immune inspired Fault Detection and Diagnosis: A fuzzy-based approach of the negative selection algorithm and participatory clustering

Dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials: a critical review of the literature.

An artificial immune systems approach to case-Based Reasoning applied to fault detection and diagnosis.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma