Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Aim Temperature influences most components of animal ecology and life history ‐ but what kind of temperature? Physiologists usually examine the influence of body temperatures, while biogeographers and macroecologists tend to focus on environmental temperatures. We aim to examine the relationship between these two measures, to determine the factors that affect lizard body temperatures and to test the effect of both temperature measures on lizard life history. Location World-wide. Methods We used a large (861 species) global dataset of lizard body temperatures,and the mean annual temperatures across their geographic ranges to examine the relationships between body and mean annual temperatures.We then examined factors influencing body temperatures, and tested for the influence of both on ecological and life-history traits while accounting for the influence of shared ancestry. Results Body temperatures and mean annual temperatures are uncorrelated. However, accounting for activity time (nocturnal species have low body temperatures), use of space (fossorial and semi-aquatic species are ‘colder’), insularity (mainland species are ‘hotter’) and phylogeny, the two temperatures are positively correlated. High body temperatures are only associated with larger hatchlings and increased rates of biomass production. Annual temperatures are positively correlated with clutch frequency and annual longevity, and negatively correlated with clutch size, age at first reproduction and longevity.

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Are lizards feeling the heat? A tale of ecology and evolution under two temperatures

A comprehensive and up to date summary of the literature on the helminth parasites of lizards and amphisbaenians from South America is herein presented. One-hundred eighteen lizard species from twelve countries were reported in the literature harboring a total of 155 helminth species, being none acanthocephalans, 15 cestodes, 20 trematodes and 111 nematodes. Of these, one record was from Chile and French Guiana, three from Colombia, three from Uruguay, eight from Bolivia, nine from Surinam, 13 from Paraguay, 12 from Venezuela, 27 from Ecuador, 17 from Argentina, 39 from Peru and 103 from Brazil. The present list provides host, geographical distribution (with the respective biome, when possible), site of infection and references from the parasites. A systematic parasite-host list is also provided.

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Checklist of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America

Forty-three frogs representing 6 species (Dendropsophus cachimbo, Scinax fuscomarginatus, Leptodactylus fuscus, Leptodactylus martinezi, Leptodactylus mystaceus, and Leptodactylus rhodomystax) and 35 lizards representing 3 species (Kentropyx calcarata, Leposoma osvaldoi, and Potamites ecpleopus) collected in the Brazilian state of Para were examined for helminths. One species of Trematoda, Brachycoelium salamandrae, and 12 species of Nematoda, adults of Capillaria recondita, Cosmocerca brasiliense, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Falcaustra belemensis, Falcaustra maculata, Kentropyxia sauria, Oswaldocruzia vaucheri, Physaloptera retusa, Schrankiana formulosa, Schrankiana fuscus, Schrankiana schranki, and juveniles of Acuariidae gen. sp., were found. Only B. salamandrae occurred in both frogs and lizards. There were 1.53 ± 0.13 (x ± 1 SE) helminth species/infected frogs and 28.52 ± 11.7 helminth individuals/infected frogs and 1.12 ± 0.08 helminth species/infected lizards and 6.47 ± 1.58 helminth individua...

https://bioone.org/journals/comparative-parasitology/volume-74/issue-2/4268.1/Gastrointestinal-Helminths-from-Six-Species-of-Frogs-and-Three-Species/10.1654/4268.1.pdf

Gastrointestinal Helminths from Six Species of Frogs and Three Species of Lizards, Sympatric in Pará State, Brazil

One hundred ninety-one specimens representing 14 species of lizards, Ameiva ameiva, Basiliscus basiliscus, Corytophanes cristatus, Diploglossus monotropis, Echinosaura horrida, Gonatodes albogularis, Gymnophthalmus speciosus, Iguana iguana, Lepidoblepharis sanctaemartae, Lepidophyma flavimaculatum, Leposoma rugiceps, Mabuya mabouya, Polychrus gutturosus, and Thecadactylus rapicauda, from Panama were examined for helminths. Two species of Digenea, Mesocoelium monas and Parallopharynx arctus, 1 species of Cestoda, Oochoristica gymnophthalmicola n. sp., 21 species of Nematoda, 19 species capable of completing their life cycle in lizards, Africana telfordi, Aplectana herediaensis, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Cruzia mexicana, Cyrtosomum longicaudatum, Macdonaldius grassi, Oswaldocruzia panamaensis n. sp., Oswaldofilaria brevicaudata, Ozolaimus cirratus, Parapharyngodon colonensis n. sp., Physaloptera retusa, Piratuba digiticauda, Skrjabinelazia galliardi, Skrjabinodon caudolumarius n. sp., Skrjabinodon crassicauda n. sp., Skrjabinodon scelopori, Spauligodon oxkutzcabiensis, Spinicauda spinicauda, and Strongyluris panamaensis, and 2 species utilizing lizards as paratenic hosts, Ophidascaris sp. (larvae) and Acuariidae gen. sp. (larvae in cysts), and 1 species of Acanthocephala (cystacanths), were found. Thirty-seven new host records and 13 new locality records are reported.

https://bioone.org/journals/comparative-parasitology/volume-74/issue-1/4228.1/Gastrointestinal-Helminths-of-14-Species-of-Lizards-from-Panama-with/10.1654/4228.1.pdf

Gastrointestinal Helminths of 14 Species of Lizards from Panama with Descriptions of Five New Species

We have studied the terrestrial reptile fauna of the Abrolhos Archipelago (a group of five islands located ca. 70 km off the southern coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil) and analyze here some of its ecological aspects such as diet, thermal ecology, activity, and some reproductive parameters. Three lizards comprise the archipelago's terrestrial reptile fauna: Tropidurus torquatus (Tropiduridae), Mabuya agilis (Scincidae), and Hemidactylus mabouia (Gekkonidae). The first two are diurnal and the latter is crepuscular/nocturnal (initiating activity at ca. 17:30). The activity period of T. torquatus extended from 5:30 to 18:30 h. Mean field body temperatures of active T. torquatus, M. agilis, and H. mabouia were, respectively, 34.0 +/- 3.7 degrees C (range 23.8-38.0 degrees C; N = 75), 34.5 +/- 2.2 degrees C (range 30.8-37.0 degrees C; N = 6), and 26.3 +/- 1.1 degrees C (range 24.8-28.0 degrees C; N = 8). The predominant prey items in the diet of T. torquatus were ants, coleopterans, and hemipterans. In the diet of M. agilis, coleopterans were the most frequent prey items. For H. mabouia, the most important dietary items were orthopterans. Clutch size of T. torquatus averaged 4.1 +/- 1.1 (range 2-6; N = 15) and was significantly related to female size (R2 = 0.618; p = 0.001; N = 15). Clutch size for H. mabouia was fixed (two) and mean litter size of the viviparous M. agilis was 3.3 +/- 0.6 (range 3-4; N = 3). Tropidurus torquatus and H. mabouia deposit their eggs under rocks in the study area, with the former burying them but not the latter; in both species, more than one female often oviposit under the same rock.

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The terrestrial reptile fauna of the Abrolhos Archipelago: species list and ecological aspects

A sample of 101 specimens of the unisexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo (Squamata; Teiidae) from a coastal site in Bahia State, Brazil were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Of these, 35 (34.7%) harboured helminths. Six helminth species were recovered from C. nativo, including five nematodes (Physaloptera retusa, Physalopteroides venancioi, Subulura lacertilia, Skrjabinelazia intermedia and Parapharyngodon sp., and one cestode (Oochoristica ameivae), all representing new host records. Most lizards were infected by a single species of helminth and none by more than three. Infection rates were neither significantly influenced by host body size nor by environmental factors. The results are compared with data from studies on other whiptail species in both South and North America.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0AEC0EA9C7345526033FEC3CF0FD4629/S0022149X04000538a.pdf/div-class-title-helminths-infecting-the-parthenogenetic-whiptail-lizard-span-class-italic-cnemidophorus-nativo-span-in-a-restinga-habitat-of-bahia-state-brazil-div.pdf

Helminths infecting the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a restinga habitat of Bahia State, Brazil.

We studied the reproductive cycle of the teiid lizard, Cnemidophorus nativo, at the restinga of Guaratiba, in Prado municipality, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. The population was all female. For each female, we recorded total number of follicles, number of vitellogenic follicles in each ovary, size and color of the largest follicle, presence and size of corpora lutea, and number and size of oviductal eggs. The smallest reproductive female measured 48.8 mm (SVL). Clutch size varied from one to four eggs (mean = 2.2 ± 1.0; N = 37) and was significantly affected by female size (F1,35 = 8.437; R2 = 0.194; P = 0.006). Fifty percent or more of sexually mature females were reproductive each month, containing either oviductal eggs or vitellogenic ovarian follicles and juveniles (30–48.3 mm SVL) occurred in nearly all months studied, indicating an extended period of reproduction by the species. The number of reproductive females was not significantly related to monthly rainfall or to temperature in th...

Reproductive Ecology of the Parthenogenetic Whiptail Lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a Brazilian Restinga Habitat

Insular lizards usually consume a large proportion of plant material compared to mainland ones, which is frequently attributed to a low prey availability on islands. In the present study, we analyze the diets of six populations (three insular and three continental) of the omnivorous lizard Tropidurus torquatus on the eastern Brazilian coast, to assess the extent which the insular and continental lizards differ in feeding habits, especially in the consumption of plant material. The degree of plant consumption varied greatly among areas, with the volumetric proportion of plant food in lizard diets ranging from 5% to 67%, but there was no tendency for insular lizards to consume more plant food than mainland ones. Moreover, insular lizards tended to eat more and larger prey items than those of the mainland, and estimated prey availability was not reduced on the islands compared to the mainland. The results of this study suggest that plant ingestion by T. torquatus is not related directly to insular...

https://bioone.org/journals/herpetologica/volume-67/issue-1/HERPETOLOGICA-D-09-00009.1/Plant-Consumption-of-Insular-and-Mainland-Populations-of-a-Tropical/10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-09-00009.1.pdf

Plant Consumption of Insular and Mainland Populations of a Tropical Lizard

The population of Cnemidophorus nativo in the restinga of Guaratiba, Bahia State, Brazil, is carnivorous with a diet consisting predominantly of insect larvae and termites, which is similar to that of other cnemidophorines. The absence of seasonal variation in diet may be a consequence of the availability of termites throughout the year. The small size of the termites and the ease with which both juveniles and adults eat larvae independent of their length were probably the cause of the poor relationship between lizard body measurements and mean number and volume of prey consumed.

Guilherme F. Dutra

Papers

The terrestrial reptile fauna of the Abrolhos Archipelago: species list and ecological aspects

Helminths infecting the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a restinga habitat of Bahia State, Brazil.

Reproductive Ecology of the Parthenogenetic Whiptail Lizard Cnemidophorus nativo in a Brazilian Restinga Habitat

Plant Consumption of Insular and Mainland Populations of a Tropical Lizard

Feeding habits of the endemic tropical parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus nativo (Teiidae) in a restinga area of northeastern Brazil