Vehicles communications handover in 5G: A survey

Handover usually deals with the mobility of the end users in a mobile network to assure about the ongoing session of a user. It is observed that frequent handover results in call dropping due to latency. In order to overcome this issue, a fuzzy based handover decision scheme for mobile devices using a predictive model is proposed. First, an MFNN (Multi-layer Feed Forward Network) is used to determine the next cell of the user along with best hand off time. To obtain the best access network, multiple-attribute Access Network Selection Function (ANSF) is used. The fuzzy rule is applied by considering the parameter data rate, reliability, signal strength, battery power and mobility as input and the output obtained is the optimal network. The proposed scheme selects the best access network and enhances the quality of services.

A Fuzzy Based Handover Decision Scheme for Mobile Devices Using Predictive Model

The mobility of user equipment (UE) in cellular network is a challenging issue in terms of its management. Current traditional handover in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network is managed by evolved Node B or eNodeB (eNB) which is a decentralized solution. In contrast to existing technology, software defined network (SDN) has the capability of serving the packets of the switching equipment without involving the SDN controller except for the first one. We have proposed an SDN-based centralized solution for handover management in LTE network. Based on our solution, the handover is being managed by SDN controller which keeps track of the overall network management and dictates the flow entries to the OpenFlow switches in the network. In our testbed, two UEs are connected to two eNBs, and one of the UE performs a handover from one eNB to other eNB. It enhances the performance of the network in terms of reducing the delay while performing the handover and increasing the data rate of the running application. The initial delay will be bit higher due to the initial flow entry absence in the flow tables of the switches; later, the delay will be reduced. It is evident from the results that our approach keeps track of the overall network at centralized controller with improved performance.

The Handover and Performance Analysis of LTE Network with Traditional and SDN Approaches

As known, usage of mobile devices are enormously increasing day by day and these devices are being used in different applications where the user satisfaction, seamless connectivity, Quality of Service(QoS) and service among heterogeneous networks are very important features. These mobile devices have been introduced to include features such as advanced wireless technology support, seamless mobile networking, increased processing speed and improved multimedia services in recent days. These services allow the service provider to satisfy customers with enhanced service quality. Recently, the vehicle ecosystem emerged in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV); it involves the computational processing of moving vehicles to perform dynamic operations with wireless feature. To offer reliable services, Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWNs) such as 5th Generation (5G) cellular network is considered to permit users with global devices to access the required service at anyplace and anywhere. 

A Proficient Vertical Handover Decision Making Algorithm in Internet of Vehicles with 5G

The broadcast storm is characterized by unwanted packet retransmission, causing frequent flooding, contention, and collisions that compromise network performance. This paper presents a new protocol for the dissemination of messages in vehicular networks through the observation and analysis based on complex network metrics. It is called CN-vP (Complex Network-vehicular Protocol). In order to mitigate the sending of unnecessary messages, the present work combined probabilistic and delay approaches together with a better knowledge of the network, in particular, the neighboring vehicles of a certain transmitter. Once the three best relays have been chosen, by means of the probabilistic calculation, waiting intervals are estimated, for each retransmission, in order to avoid packet flooding. The analysis of the results shows that the solution developed allows a more assertive decision making for the dissemination of messages in vehicle networks, thus mitigating the problem of broadcast storm.

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Protocolo Baseado em Métricas de Redes Complexas para Mitigação de Tempestade de Broadcast

FiVH: A solution of inter-V-Cell handover decision for connected vehicles in ultra-dense 5G networks

The fifth generation (5G) cellular network requires new solutions to new network requirements, for example, support for high speed mobility. This paper presents a handover decision solution for connected vehicles to ultradense 5G networks. Its main goal is to treat high vehicular mobility and provide performance gains in handover for vehicles, since the densification of the cellular network causes, despite the expected capacity gain, difficulties in the cells selection, a greater number of failed and unnecessary handovers (pingpong effect), longer delays and energy consumption, and high packet losses. The solution is based on virtual cells (V-Cells). The selection of the best cells is made based on complex network metrics to compose a virtual cell, as well as other criteria such as signal strength, distance and speed. The solution relies on the software-defined network (SDN) controller which has centralized network information. Simulations were conducted in Network Simulator, ns-3. The results show that the solution is effective in the treatment of vehicle handover. Resumo. A rede de celular de quinta geração (5G) requer novas soluções para novos requisitos de rede, como o suporte à mobilidade para altas velocidades. Este trabalho apresenta uma solução de decisão de handover para veı́culos conectados em redes 5G ultradensas. Ele tem como objetivo principal tratar a alta mobilidade veicular e proporcionar ganhos de desempenho em handover para veı́culos, uma vez que a densificação da rede celular causa, apesar do ganho de capacidade esperado, dificuldades na seleção de células, maior número de handovers falhos e desnecessários (efeito ping-pong), maiores atrasos e consumo de energia, e altas perdas de pacotes. A solução tem como base a formação de células virtuais (V-Cells). A seleção de melhores células é feita com o auxı́lio de métricas de redes complexas para compor uma célula virtual, assim como critérios como potência de sinal, distância e velocidade. A solução se apoia em um controlador de rede definida por software (SDN) para tomada de decisão, que possui informação centralizada da rede. Simulações foram conduzidas no simulador de rede, ns-3. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a solução é eficaz no tratamento de handover para veı́culos.

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Uma Solução de Decisão de Handover inter-V-Cell para Veı́culos Conectados em Redes 5G Ultradensas

Tuberculose intestinal perfurada simulando exacerbação de doença de crohn

The fifth generation (5G) cellular networks tend to be ultra-dense networks (UDN). Among the 5G UDN challenges, it is the creation and the management of virtual cells centered on the user. By the literature was not found any work that has directly associated a vehicle-centric probabilistic approach to virtual cell management in ultra-dense 5G networks as proposed in this paper as a contribution to the technological development on 5G networks use, what indicates its originality. Considering scenarios involving high mobility, such as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) or vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, this challenge becomes even greater. For this purpose, this article presents a virtual cell selection probabilistic approach focused on V2N communications. All the processing based on speed criteria and complex network metrics is performed inside a controller that is required to manage the virtual cells. The motivation to use different metrics of radio masts is that one has physical applications as an algebras operator in purely mathematical contexts, while others find wide application in network theory. Simulations were performed through the Network Simulator ns3. The results show that the proposed approach allows more assertive virtual cell selection, improving the services offered by IoV through the 5G networks.

Guilherme G. de O. Silva

Papers

FiVH: A solution of inter-V-Cell handover decision for connected vehicles in ultra-dense 5G networks

Uma Solução de Decisão de Handover inter-V-Cell para Veı́culos Conectados em Redes 5G Ultradensas

Tuberculose intestinal perfurada simulando exacerbação de doença de crohn

A Vehicle-Centric Probabilistic Approach to Virtual Cell Management in Ultra-Dense 5G Networks