The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that \"the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion\" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-

"Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state": Erratum

which is used to describe a third component of thinking processes, particularly preverbal, and it denotes the concept that the world is activated by some generalized "energy" that links together causally all objects and events ; it is presumably revealed by a person's lack of curiosity about causal connections, as though they were self-evident. Aside from the rather frequent use of such key words, having strong connotations for this reviewer far away from what the author is aiming to denote, the book is written in a lucid and stimulating style that makes reading it an invigorating intellectual exercise. It is a book that is likely to have somewhat limited attraction to the full-time clinician, especially one treating adult patients. And child psychiatrists and psychologists, if reasonably well read, will most likely be familiar with the majority of references from which this author has synthesized his material. On the other hand, the scholarly and refreshing con¬ ceptual approaches of the author will appeal to psychologists, philosophers, linguists, and psychiatrists with a research bent and anyone else who wants to be provoked to do some thinking on the problems of language, language development, and the psychology of cognition. Louis A. GOTTSCHALK, M.D. Plans and the Structure of Behavior. By George A Miller, Eugene gALANTER, and Karl H. Pribram. Price, $5.00. Pp. 226. Henry Holt & Co., Inc., New York 17, 1960. This is an important book for psychiatrists and behavioral scientists, since it presents a clear, concise study of the application of cybernetics, information and computer theory to the problem of analyzing behavior. The authors have been actively engaged in behavioral research in different areas\p=m-\Millerin information and communication, Galanter in experimental psychology, and Pribram in neurophysiology. The book resulted from a series of discussions which they engaged in during a year they spent together at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, Calif. Their original intent was to write a diary, as it were, of the development of their ideas and, fortunately, enough of this remains to make the book clear, easy to read, and interesting. It is also fortunate, however, that in the final writing a variety of studies comparing the "behavior" of computing machines with human "cognitive behavior" have been reviewed and summarized. The result is one of the best presentations of the present status of the brain-computer problem. The authors, however, do not discuss certain aspects of this problem, such as the difference between the brain and its vast number of parallel channels, but few operations, and the modern high-speed computer with its few channels and vast numbers of operations. This omission is consistent with their interest, since it would introduce the question of mechanisms rather than the problem of the structure of behavior as it is observed in everyday life in the clinic and in experiments on learning, conditioning, etc. Similarly, they do not discuss the qualitative differences between mechanisms of memory in the computer and those in the brain. In the former, a "memory"\p=m-\ i.e., stored information\p=m-\isidentified, metaphorically speaking, by an address, whereas no such mechanism is known in the brain (personal communication, Dr. Julian Bigelow). With few exceptions, however, the data, concepts, and theories presented are handled with elegant precision, as illustrated by the discussion of Sherrington's concepts of the "Reflex" and the "Synapse," Kurt Lewin's ideas of "tension states," and the numerous references to the work of Newell, Shaw, and Simon on computers and logic. There are, nevertheless, areas with

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1968.86.pdf

Plans and the Structure of Behavior

We present steps toward a conceptual framework for tangible user interfaces. We introduce the MCRpd interaction model for tangible interfaces, which relates the role of physical and digital representations, physical control, and underlying digital models. This model serves as a foundation for identifying and discussing several key characteristics of tangible user interfaces. We identify a number of systems exhibiting these characteristics, and situate these within 12 application domains. Finally, we discuss tangible interfaces in the context of related research themes, both within and outside of the human-computer interaction domain.

/pdf/emerging-frameworks-for-tangible-user-interfaces-254dznxose.pdf

Emerging frameworks for tangible user interfaces

Cognitive engineering

Mathematica--A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer.

Natural interaction, in the context of this paper, means human action in a world of tangible objects and live subjects. We introduce the concept of action regulation and relate it to observable human behaviour. A tool bringing together motor and cognitive action is a promising way to assure complete task regulation. Aiming for such tools, we propose a set of guidelines for the next generation of user interfaces, the Natural User Interface (NUI). We present a NUI instantiation called BUILD-IT, featuring video-mediated interaction in a task specific context. This multi-brick interaction tool renders virtual objects tangible and allows multiple user simultaneous interaction in one common space. A few user experiences are briefly described

/pdf/build-it-an-intuitive-design-tool-based-on-direct-object-krlth96346.pdf

BUILD-IT: an intuitive design tool based on direct object manipulation

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/pdf/internet-behaviour-and-addiction-5eti006i24.pdf

Internet behaviour and addiction

The LivingLab is a planned research infrastructure that is pivotal for user-system interaction research in the next decade. This article presents the concept and outlines a research programme that will be served by this facility. These future plans are motivated by a vision of future developments concerning interaction with intelligent environments.

LivingLab : a white paper

A theoretical framework to conceptualize measure of behaviour complexity (BC), system complexity (SC) and task complexity (TC) was developed. From this framework cognitive complexity (CC) is derived as CC = SC + TC - BC. In an empirical study to investigate different measures of cognitive complexity 6 beginners and 6 experts solved 4 different tasks with an interactive database management system. To analyze the empirical data recorded during the interactive sessions a special program was developed. The program's purpose and the program architecture are described. 4 different approaches from the literature to measuring complexity in a quantitative way were considered and discussed. Application of these 4 approaches were compared and tested against the empirical results of the experiment. The measure of McCabe (1976) proved to be the most effective. This study was carried out to support the formal analysis of studying user keystroke behaviour. The normal design cycle used to construct a formal model is a top down approach. In this paper we present an automatic bottom up approach to construct a formal description of user behaviour. The formalism we have selected to model the user's knowledge with finite state/transition systems, is the Petri net theory. There are different formalisms for constructing user models the context of human computer interaction; TAG (Payne & Green 1986), CLG (Moran 1981), GOMS (Card, Moran & Newell 1983), CCT (Kieras & Polson 1985), and different kinds of grammars BNF (Reisner 1981), EBNF (Reisner 1984), etc. Using any of these formalisms the investigator is obliged to design the pure (="error free") user model in a top down approach. Then he or she can try to prove the model with "error free" empirical data. This is difficult, expensive and insufficient, and one of the consequences is that most of the formal models exist only as paper versions and have not been implemented as executable simulations. For a more detailed critique of the mentioned formalism see Greif & Gediga (1987), Sutcliffe (1989), Karat & Bennett (1991) or Benyon (1992). If user models can be constructed using an automatic, bottom up approach, then the handling of formal models becomes easy. To achieve this, we first of all develop a theoretical framework, which fits our empirical approach. Based on this framework we are able to test four different measures of complexity according to their "discriminating power".

A method of a quantitative measurement of cognitive complexity

Based on a short overview over the different paradigms for human computer interaction we introduce and discuss the most recent paradigm of cultural computing. Cultural computing addresses underlying and almost unconscious cultural determinants that have since ancient times a strong influence on our way of thinking, feeling and worldview in general. Different cultures worldwide will have different approaches to address their particular cultural determinants. In the East, the project ZENetic Computer is a first and very promising approach for cultural computing addressing Eastern cultural determinants. In the West, we propose an interactive experience based on the narrative ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’ to address the main characteristic of the Western culture: analytical reasoning based on formal logic. The effects on the user’s self conception might be measurable via the mandala introduced as cultural archetypes by C.G. Jung.

/pdf/from-personal-to-cultural-computing-how-to-assess-a-cultural-l6rtfe3tdd.pdf

Gwm Matthias Rauterberg

Papers

BUILD-IT: an intuitive design tool based on direct object manipulation

Internet behaviour and addiction

LivingLab : a white paper

A method of a quantitative measurement of cognitive complexity

From Personal to Cultural Computing: how to assess a cultural experience