Artificial Molecular Rotors

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Polyethylene glycol and solutions of polyethylene glycol as green reaction media

Life on earth is based on compounds that have carbon frames and backbones. Today, chemists have added to the world of biomolecules and biopolymers approximately 107 different synthetic molecules and polymers, the structures of which also depend on the formation of strong, stable carbon–carbon bonds. Although the stability of carbon–carbon bonds has been recognized for more than a century, the two natural modifications graphite and diamond were, until recently, the only allotropic forms of carbon on earth that were available in macroscopic quantities and were structurally well characterized. With the synthesis of macroscopic quantities of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and the higher fullerenes (C70, C76, C78, etc.) and the exploration of the fascinating properties of these all-carbon spheres, this situation has completely changed. In the coming decades, the design, preparation, and study of novel molecular and polymeric allotropic forms of carbon will be a central topic in chemistry. Research in this area will dramatically advance the fundamental knowledge on carbon-based matter and, as already illustrated by the ongoing work on C60, generate unprecedented technological perspectives. This review surveys synthetic organic-chemical approaches toward the preparation and study of all-carbon molecules and polymers that differ from the familiar networks of graphite and diamond as well as from the fullerenes. We will also discuss the ongoing research on fullerenes with a particular focus on the synthetic approaches to these all-carbon spheres and their transition metal complexes.

Synthetic approaches toward molecular and polymeric carbon allotropes

Hetero- and Metallasiloxanes Derived from Silanediols, Disilanols, Silanetriols, and Trisilanols

Preface 1. The conceptual framework of the research on the origin of life on Earth 2. Approaches to the definitions of life 3. Selection in prebiotic chemistry - why this ... and not that? 4. The bottle neck - macromolecular sequences 5. Self-organization 6. Emergence and emergent properties 7. Self-replication and self-reproduction 8. Autopoiesis - the logic of cellular life 9. Compartments 10. Reactivity and transformation of vesicles 11. Approaches to the minimal cell Outlook Bibliography.

The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology

Fundamentals of Life

Origin of Biomacromolecular Chirality: In Search of Evolutional Dynamics. Carbon Monoxide Clusters in the Formation of D-Sugars, L-Amino Acids, Ribonucleotides and Deoxyribonucleic Acids in Prebiotic Molecular Evolution on Earth. Molecular Clockworks as Tools for Biological Chirality. Diastereomers Do, What They Should Not. Molecular Origins of Life: Homochirality as a Cosequence ot the Dynamic Co-Emergence and Co-Evolution of Peptides and Chemical Energetics. Use of Amino Acids and Amino Acid Racemization for Age Determination in Archaeometry. Enantiomeric Enrichment in Nonracemic Conglomerates. A Possible Component of the Solution to the Problem of the Origin of. Genetic Code: Self Referential and Functional Model. Specific Symmetry of Living Systems. Chiral Crystal Faces of Common Rock-Forming Minerals. Origin of Biomolecules - Origin of Homochirality. Implication of Polya's Urn Experiment and Celebral Lateralization. Theory of Hierarchical Homochirality. Possible Mechanisms for Production of Larger Enantiomeric Excess. Sugar C-Sulfonic Acids. Racemization of Amino Acids in Hydrothermal Environments: a Contribution of Temperature Gradient. The Theory of Chirality Induction and Chirality Reduction in Biomolecules. The Theory of Chirality Induction and Chirality Reduction in Biomolecules. Transfer of the Chiral Information of Natural Amino Acids in Biomimetic Organic Syntheses. CD and Visual Science. Volatile Components of Food Aroma: Biosynthesis and Biotransformations. Chiral Spaces in Encapsulation Complexes. Serum Albumin and Natural Products. Chiral Spaces in Encapsulation Complexes. Selection in the Model Process of Prebiotic Synthesis of RNA Using Metal Ion Catalyst and Template. Different Internal Gradients for L and D Homochiral Solutions in Homogeneous Magnetic Fields. Tryptophanase Activity on D-Tryptophan. Deviation from Physical Identity Between D- and L-tyrosine. Occurence of D-Amino Acids in Food. Asymmetric Autocatalysis, Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis and Origin of Homochirality of Biomolecules. Deviation from Chemical Identity Between D and L Tyrosine? Charophyte Gyrogonites, the Result of Enantioselective Influence 250 Million Years Ago. Chirality Transfer in the Formation of the Indole Alkaloids Derived from Secologanin.

Progress in biological chirality

Method for preparing glass capillary columns for gas chromatography

Alkylcobalt tetracarbonyls and their derivatives

Chirality is a fundamental, persistent, but often overlooked feature of all living organisms on the molecular level as well as on the macroscopic scale. The high degree of preference for only one of two possible mirror image forms in Nature, often called biological homochirality is a puzzling, and not yet fully understood, phenomenon. This book covers biological homochirality from an interdisciplinary approach - contributions range from synthetic chemists, theoretical topologists and physicists, from palaeontologists and biologists to space scientists and representatives of the pharmaceutical and materials industries. Topics covered include - theory of biochirality, origins of biochirality, autocatalysis with amplification of chirality, macroscopic (present) biochirality, fossil records of chiral organisms - paleochirality, extraterrestrial origin of chirality, exceptions to the rule of biological homochirality, D-amino acids, chemical transfer of chirality, PV effects, and polarised radiation chemistry.

Gyula Pályi

Papers

Fundamentals of Life

Progress in biological chirality

Method for preparing glass capillary columns for gas chromatography

Alkylcobalt tetracarbonyls and their derivatives

Advances in BioChirality