neurochemical subtleties. Lengthy discussion is published verbatim and in general enhances the value of the papers. A major justification of the duplicate publication usually involved in printing symposia proceedings is the orientation provided in the field by bringing together related work, not merely in juxtaposition, but under evaluative discussion by leading investigators within and across disciplines. In this case comment was incisive and much remains cogent.

Screening Methods in Pharmacology.

A guide to the study of fresh-water biology : with special reference to aquatic insects and other invertebrate animals

| Throughout the world pesticides are widely employed in agriculture sector in order to elevate crops’ yield with low labour and efforts. Pesticides exposure leads to toxicity in many non-target organisms, fish being one of the most prominent among these. Most of the time acute concentration of these pesticides leads to mortality while sub lethal concentration of these pesticides result in different lethal changes. These changes may be in behaviour of the exposed fish such as change in feeding behaviour, attack or avoiding behaviour and reproductive behaviour, or other types of alterations such as changes in histology (liver, kidneys, gills, muscles, brain, intestine), haematology (RBCs, WBCs or Plasma), anti-oxidant defence system (Glutathione reductase, Peroxidase, Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-S-transferase etc.), changes in nutrient profile (Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Moisture content and Ash etc.) and worth of the fish, hormonal or enzymatic alterations, oxygen consumption, and DNA damage or damage at genes level (genotoxicity). Different environmental agencies are working on this aspect and that’s why there are a large number of banned chemicals. Still these chemicals are available in markets. Certain newly synthesized pesticides (insecticides or fungicides etc.) and extensive use of these chemicals are always there to maximize the problem for aquatic organisms especially fish. This article focuses on the same aspect of ecotoxicology and reviews some major induced toxicological aspects of pesticides in fish including behavioural changes, histopathological damages, haematological alterations, biochemical changes, fluctuations in acetylcholinesterase activity, vicissitudes in protein contents, induced genotoxicity, alterations in feeding biology, oxygen consumption and oxygen stress all across the world.

/pdf/ecotoxicology-a-review-of-pesticides-induced-toxicity-in-i10398giem.pdf

Ecotoxicology: a review of pesticides induced toxicity in fish.

Impacts of organophosphate pesticide, sumithion on water quality and benthic invertebrates in aquaculture ponds

Assessment of cypermethrin induced hepatic toxicity in Catla catla: A multiple biomarker approach.

The toxicity of sodium cyanide (free cyanide) to the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita was studied using static bioassay method. The LC50 in 96 h was found to be 33 µg/L . Behavioural changes when exposed to lethal concentration of sodium cyanide showed increased opercular movement, increased surface behaviour, loss of equilibrium, change in body colour, increased secretion of mucus, irregular swimming activity, rapid jerk movement, partial jerk and aggressiveness. The swimming behaviour was in a cork-screw palter, rotating along horizontal axis. In sub lethal treatment, the schooling behaviour of the fish was slowly disrupted, the ventilation rate was increased. The fish at 21 st days of exposure exhibited balanced swimming and active feeding and behaved in normal way. Oxygen consumption was decreased in lethal concentration (-22.64 to -70.13%), but in sub lethal concentration decreased trend was improved and reached normal level at 21st day (-25.10 to -2.19). Alterations in oxygen consumption may be due to respiratory distress as a consequence of impairment in oxidative metabolism. Fish in sub lethal concentration were found under stress, but that was not fatal.

Effect of sodium cyanide on behaviour and respiratory Surveillance in freshwater fish, labeo rohita (hamilton)

The purpose of the study was to isolate the coumarin glycoside constituent from the ethyl acetate fraction of tubers of Habenaria intermedia D. Don by column chromatography using the gradient elution technique. The isolated coumarin glycoside was characterized by spectral studies and screened for hepatoprotecitve potential on CCl 4 induced toxicity in rat liver. The coumarin glycoside (Scopoletin) protective activity was evaluated by the assay of liver function biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, Bilirubin, total protein and histopathological studies of the liver. Results showed that the toxic effect of CCl 4 was controlled significantly by restoration of the levels of serum bilirubin, proteins and enzymes as compared to the normal and standard drug Silymarin treated groups. Histology of the liver sections of the rats treated with isolated coumarin glycoside showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty infiltration, which further substantiated hepatoprotecitve activity. Therefore, outcome of the present study ascertains that the isolated coumarin glycoside possesses significant hepatoprotecitve activity. Keywords: Habenaria intermedia , Scopoletin, Hepatoprotecitve, CCl 4 , Silymarin.

Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolite from habenaria intermedia d. don for screening of hepatoprotecitve potential against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in albino rat liver

Static renewal bioassay test were conducted to determine the toxicity of free cyanide ( sodium cyanide) to the freshwater fish, Poecilia reticulate. The fish were exposed to different concentrations of sodium cyanide and rate of mortality was recorded for 96 hr. The LC50 value of sodium cyanide for 96 hr was found out to be 9.13 Âµg/L . Behavioural changes were observed when fish exposed to sodium cyanide showed increased opercular movement, increased surface behaviour, loss of equilibrium, increased secretion of mucus, irregular swimming activity and aggressiveness. The swimming behaviour was in a cork-screw pattern, rotating along horizontal axis was more prominent in lethal concentration. In sub lethal treatment, the schooling behaviour of the fish was slowly disrupted, and the ventilation rate increased. The fish at 15 th day of exposure exhibited balanced swimming and active feeding and behaved in normal way. Decreased level of oxygen consumption was recorded in lethal concentration for 1 st to 4 th day ( -36.12 to -70.93%), but in sub lethal concentration, it was improved and reached normal level at 15 th day (- 16.40 to -7.16%). The decrement may be due to the respiratory distress as a consequence of the impairment of oxidative metabolism.

Free Cyanide Induced Physiological Changes in the Freshwater Fish, Poecilia Reticulata

R. PURUSHOTHAMA*, H. A. SAYESWARA MAHESH ANAND GOUDAR AND K. HARISH KUMAR Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, Karnataka, INDIA Department of Zoology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 203, Karnataka, INDIA Department of Chemistry, D.V.S. College of Arts and Science, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga 577 201, Karnataka, INDIA Department of Environmental Science, Government First Grade College, Hosakote, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA E-mail: purushothan_r@rediffmail.com

http://theecoscan.in/journalpdf/53%26401%20r.%20purushothama.pdf

H.A. Sayeswara

Papers

Effect of sodium cyanide on behaviour and respiratory Surveillance in freshwater fish, labeo rohita (hamilton)

Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolite from habenaria intermedia d. don for screening of hepatoprotecitve potential against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in albino rat liver

Free Cyanide Induced Physiological Changes in the Freshwater Fish, Poecilia Reticulata

Physico-chemical profile and zooplankton community composition in brahmana kalasi tank, sagara, karnataka, india