Polyphenol oxidases in plants. Recent progress

The role of phenolics in goldenrod ball gall resistance and formation

This paper concerns an approach to direct collection of eriophyoid ‘salivary secretions’, and reports preliminary results on biological assays providing evidence for the presence of plant growth promoting substances in these secretions. Eleven species belonging to the Phytoptidae, Eriophyidae and Diptilomiopidae, characterized by different host–plant interactions, were studied by immersing mites into the following oils: condensate of cedar oil, oil for immersion lenses, two kinds of olive oil, α-terpineol, hystolemon, vaseline oil, and soybean oil. Some species secreted small droplets of lipophobic substances at the tip of their mouthparts when they were immersed in objective lens oil. Mite mortality and percentage of secreting specimens depended on the species and the medium used. Aceria caulobia (Nalepa) was selected as the candidate for subsequent study, because this species displayed a higher percentage of secreting mites than the other species and numerous specimens were easily collected by means of an airflow and filtering device. The induced secretions were studied from January to June of 2000, 2001 and 2002. Rapid salivary bioassays were performed during the period of maximum induced secretion in 2001. They were evaluated using a wheat-coleoptile and an excised-radish-cotyledon growth test, respectively, for indole-3-acetic acid-like and cytokinin-like activity. The bioassays suggested the presence of chemicals with plant growth regulatory effects. A brief account of eriophyoid mortality in the oils was also given.

'Salivary secretions' of eriophyoids (Acari: Eriophyoidea): first results of an experimental model.

The subject of carbohydrate metabolism of plant cell cultures may be approached from two principal directions. The first concerns the use of cell cultures to study the physiology and biochemistry of carbohydrate metabolism in plants but at the level of the cell. The second relates to the utilization of carbohydrates as a primary carbon source and their influence upon biomass and secondary metabolite productivity in cell cultures. Such a division is of course arbitrary and superficial, the two areas often being inextricably linked together. The literature relating to carbohydrate metabolism in plant cell cultures is both disperse and, in many areas, sparse. For this reason and to examine the subject in a structured fashion, we have chosen to discuss the available data through a series of linked topics. Such an approach also has the advantage of highlighting key areas where little information is available alongside those for which a substantial body of information already exists. The topics covered concern the nature and efficiency of various carbon sources tested for their ability to support growth, the mode of utilization and fate of different carbon sources, and the effects of different carbon sources on biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis.

The Metabolism and Utilization of Carbohydrates by Suspension Cultures of Plant Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter describes and categorizes the plant alterations caused by eriophyoids and discusses the methods used in their assessment The mechanical damage caused by eriophyoid feeding usually is restricted to the epidermal cells of host plants Damaged cells have callus deposits near the stylet punctures and the cell walls often are thickened and heavily lignified The restriction of mechanical injury to the epidermis is because of the short stylet length of eriophyoids; plant epidermal cells are too thick to allow penetration to subepidermal cells However, leaf vagrants in the family, Diptilomiopidae, have mouthparts 50-70 μm in length, yet they do not cause noticeable damage to their host plants Histological examination of plant tissues fed upon by diptilomiopids may prove invaluable in explaining the mechanical injury to plants caused by the stylets of Eriophyoidea Mesophyll and/or epidermal cells surrounding punctured cells undergo alterations as well Damage by many leaf vagrants is typified by the hyperplasia of hypodermal and mesophyll cells underlying the damaged epidermis The resulting wound-periderm and callose layer may lessen the detrimental effects of mite feeding, but continued epidermal destruction results in desiccation and mesophyll collapse

Chapter 3.1 Nature of damage and its assessment

Association of Auxin Protectors, Peroxidase, Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase in Zizyphus Gall and Normal Stem Tissues Grown in Culture

H.C. Arya

Papers

Association of Auxin Protectors, Peroxidase, Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase in Zizyphus Gall and Normal Stem Tissues Grown in Culture

Auxin autotrophy and hyperauxinity of Eriophyes induced Zizyphus stem galls in Culture

Effect of Growth Regulators on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Zizyphus jujuba Gall and Normal Stem Tissues in Culture