This critical review discusses specific preparation and characterization methods applied to hybrid materials consisting of π-conjugated polymers (or oligomers) and semiconductor nanocrystals. These materials are of great importance in the quickly growing field of hybrid organic/inorganic electronics since they can serve as active components of photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, photodetectors and other devices. The electronic energy levels of the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid can be tuned individually and thin hybrid films can be processed using low cost solution based techniques. However, the interface between the hybrid components and the morphology of the hybrid directly influences the generation, separation and transport of charge carriers and those parameters are not easy to control. Therefore a large variety of different approaches for assembling the building blocks—conjugated polymers and semiconductor nanocrystals—has been developed. They range from their simple blending through various grafting procedures to methods exploiting specific non-covalent interactions between both components, induced by their tailor-made functionalization. In the first part of this review, we discuss the preparation of the building blocks (nanocrystals and polymers) and the strategies for their assembly into hybrid materials' thin films. In the second part, we focus on the charge carriers' generation and their transport within the hybrids. Finally, we summarize the performances of solar cells using conjugated polymer/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrids and give perspectives for future developments.

Conjugated polymers/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrid materials— preparation, electrical transport properties and applications

World energy needs grow each year. To address global warming and climate changes the search for renewable energy sources with limited greenhouse gas emissions and the development of energy-efficient lighting devices are underway. This Review reports recent progress made in the synthesis and characterization of conjugated polymers based on bridged phenylenes, namely, poly(2,7-fluorene)s, poly(2,7-carbazole)s, and poly(2,7-dibenzosilole)s, for applications in solar cells and white-light-emitting diodes. The main strategies and remaining challenges in the development of reliable and low-cost renewable sources of energy and energy-saving lighting devices are discussed.

Solar-energy production and energy-efficient lighting: photovoltaic devices and white-light-emitting diodes using poly(2,7-fluorene), poly(2,7-carbazole), and poly(2,7-dibenzosilole) derivatives.

Effects of dispersion and interfacial modification on the macroscale properties of TiO2 polymer–matrix nanocomposites

Polycarbazoles for plastic electronics

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Handbook of Gas Sensor Materials: Properties, Advantages and Shortcomings for Applications Volume 2: New Trends and Technologies

The photogeneration of charge carriers in spin-coated thin films of nanocrystalline (nc-)TiO2 particles dispersed in a semiconducting polymer, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), has been studied by photoluminescence and charge transport measurements. The solvent and the TiO2 particle concentration have been selected to optimize the composite morphology. A large number of small domains leading to a large interface and an improved exciton dissociation could be obtained with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The charge transport mechanism and trap distribution at low and high voltage in ITO/nc-TiO2:PVK/Al diodes in the dark could be identified by current?voltage measurements and impedance spectroscopy. The transport mechanism is space charge limited with an exponential trap distribution in the high voltage regime (1?4?V), whereas a Schottky process with a barrier height of about 0.9?eV is observed at low bias voltages (<1?V). The current?voltage characteristics under white illumination have shown a dramatic increase of the short circuit current density Jsc and open circuit voltage Voc for a 30% TiO2 volume content corresponding to the morphology exhibiting the best dispersion of TiO2 particles. A degradation of the photovoltaic properties is induced at higher compositions by the formation of larger TiO2 aggregates. A procedure has been developed to extract the physical parameters from the J?V characteristics in the dark and under illumination on the basis of an equivalent circuit. The variation of the solar cell parameters with the TiO2 composition confirms that the photovoltaic response is optimum for 30% TiO2 volume content. It is concluded that the photovoltaic properties of nc-TiO2:PVK nanocomposites are controlled by the interfacial area between the donor and the acceptor material and are limited by the dispersion of the TiO2 nanoparticles in the polymer.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/19/37/375201/pdf

Investigation of exciton photodissociation, charge transport and photovoltaic response of poly(N-vinyl carbazole): TiO2 nanocomposites for solar cell applications

H. Chaabane

Papers

Investigation of exciton photodissociation, charge transport and photovoltaic response of poly(N-vinyl carbazole): TiO2 nanocomposites for solar cell applications

Anodically oxidized porous silicon as a substrate for EIS sensors