Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels. The current work examines the classification, generation, and utilization of biofuels, particularly in internal combustion engine (ICE) applications. Biofuels are classified according to their physical state, technology maturity, the generation of feedstock, and the generation of products. The methods of production and the advantages of the application of biogas, bioalcohol, and hydrogen in spark ignition engines, as well as biodiesel, Fischer–Tropsch fuel, and dimethyl ether in compression ignition engines, in terms of engine performance and emission are highlighted. The generation of biofuels from waste helps in waste minimization, proper waste disposal, and sanitation. The utilization of biofuels in ICEs improves engine performance and mitigates the emission of poisonous gases. There is a need for appropriate policy frameworks to promote commercial production and seamless deployment of these biofuels for transportation applications with a view to guaranteeing energy security.

An Overview of the Classification, Production and Utilization of Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine Applications

Numerical investigations on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged engine using an ethanol-gasoline blend

In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the addition of different amounts of manganese to a spark-ignition (SI) engine operating with alcohol–gasoline fuel blend. The content of the fuel blend used was set to 7.5% fusel oil, 7.5% ethanol and 85% gasoline. By adding 4, 8, 12 and 16 ppm manganese to this fuel mixture, tests were carried out at different engine speeds (2500, 2750, 3000 and 3250 rpm). An analysis of variance (ANOVA)-supported RSM model was created to determine the optimum engine speed/manganese amount and responses according to optimum engine conditions. According to the optimization results obtained from RSM, the optimum manganese amount and engine speed were found as 3 ppm and 2650 rpm, respectively. In addition, the responses according to optimum engine conditions are 26.237 Nm, 8.262 kW, 385.749 g/kWh, 666.924 °C, 7.079%, 34.3115 ppm, 7.921% and 140.428 ppm for torque, power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide(NOx), respectively. Moreover, according to the validation tests for the reliability of the optimization results, the error rates were below 10%. Based on these results, it can be said that RSM can successfully determine the amount of manganese to be added to the SI engine operating with dual alcohol/gasoline blends.

Determination of optimum manganese amount by response surface methodology with alcohol–gasoline fuel blend in an SI engine

Study of Effect of Ethanol Blending on Performance & amp; Fuel Economy of Naturally Aspirated Gasoline Engine and Engine Hardware Optimization Potential

In this decade, alternative fuels such as ethanol were extensively studied as an additive or substitute for increasing engine performance and decreasing the release of harmful gases into the environment. The objective of the study is to assess engine performance and exhaust emission using Gasoline and Ethanol blends in a turbocharged spark-ignition engine. Gasoline was used as a reference fuel, and ethanol was blended into gasoline at 10%, 20% and 30% named as E10, E20, and E30, respectively. The turbocharger spark ignition (SI) engine has been coupled to eddy current 100 kW dynamometer to measure the engine efficiency. The engine test was carried out at an engine speed of 3000 rpm and 40% wide open throttle (WOT). As results, the performance parameters such as volumetric efficiency (VE), rate of heat release (ROHR), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the engine increased with gasoline-ethanol blends compared to gasoline. Also, the complete combustion contributed to the reduction of the hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. From the study, it can be concluded that ethanol is highly suited for turbocharged SI engines to reduce emissions and increase performance.

https://robots.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/863/1/012034/pdf

Performance and emission of turbocharger engine using gasoline and ethanol blends

The chemical moreover petroleum industries are responsible for the production of a diverse range of organic contaminants that are extremely hazardous.  As a result, these industries have contributed to the accumulation of damaging impacts on the surrounding environment. These companies' waste water typically contains aromatic organic chemicals, which are notoriously difficult to degrade through natural processes and, as a result, are found to be pervasive in the environment. Being the straightforward units for an extensive variety of organic substances, In industries such as oil refining, production of phenol and the various derivatives of it, pharmaceuticals, productions of resins, textile dyes, paints, disinfectants, petrochemicals, and paper mills, phenol and its derivatives are used, and as a result, The effluents produced by these industries often contain phenol as well as derivatives of phenol. The existence of phenolic compounds in water systems is associated with significant increases in the likelihood of adverse health effects being experienced by both human beings and other organisms.  In light of this, the elimination of such potentially hazardous substances has garnered a significant amount of focus in recent decades.  The removal of phenolic pollutants from aquatic environments by biodegradation is a technique that is both environmentally friendly and economical. For the purpose of optimising procedure process, building bioreactor systems, and scaling up microbial wastewater treatment procedures to fulfil the requirements of the effluent quality standard, having an understanding of the kinetics of microbial growth and biodegradation is absolutely essential. The current study concentrates on a number of different research publications on Haldane kinetic models, which are utilised to Describe the processes involved in the growth of microbes on phenol.
 

/pdf/haldane-kinetic-study-on-biodegradation-of-phenol-a-3saa8wo1.pdf

Haldane kinetic study on biodegradation of phenol -a comprehensive review

Harmful pollutants like phenol and its derivatives are found in wastewater from a wide range of industries, including oil refining, medicines, coal conversion, chemistry, and petrochemistry. The high concentration, high toxicity, and difficult-to-degrade characteristics of phenols in wastewater pose a serious threat to the environment and to human health. By employing different strains of microorganisms and biocatalysts to create biodegradation procedures of diverse pollutants and a wide spectrum of hazardous compounds, biotechnology has successfully addressed significant environmental challenges. Among various phenols removal techniques, biodegradation is both economical and environmentally friendly. During the study of microbial degradation processes, there is a great deal of interest in the potential for mathematical modelling to forecast microbial growth and degrade harmful or inhibiting environmental pollutants at variable quantities. Such mathematical models are frequently created using aromatic compounds like phenol. The review discusses the following topics: kinetics, modelling, and mass transfer; future scope and directions; diverse microorganisms, bioreactors, the metabolic pathway of phenol, influencing factors, and recent advancements in biological therapy.

https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/download/IJRG22_A12_6463/5010

Review on advances in biodegradation of phenols: kinetics, modelling and mass transfer

Since fossil fuel emissions will continue indefinitely, we must find a suitable and long-term alternative, owing to the fact that it is biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly, biodiesel an excellent substitute for diesel engines. EASAC classifies the evolution of biodiesel into four generations. Biodiesel feedstocks and their advantages and disadvantages for different generations of the fuel are thoroughly analysed in this article. An in-depth investigation is provided in this article, of the benefits and drawbacks of various feedstocks used in the manufacturing process of different generations of biodiesel. In terms of the production of biodiesel, transesterification is the best method because it produces high-yield biodiesel with comparable properties to diesel, making it an ideal choice. As far as economics are concerned, this process is also viable. It is possible to meet the energy requirements of the future by blending different oil feedstocks. The system used and the cost of feedstock have the most significant impact on the cost of biodiesel production. Characteristics of biodiesel such as the oxidation stability, cold flow and cetane number, viscosity, and density, are some of the most important characteristics of biodiesel. Biodiesel’s performance in diesel engines was also discussed in this paper, and it was suggested that biodiesel is safer for the environment than Petro-diesel. Unlike Petro-diesel, it degrades four times faster and has with a higher flash point, making storage and handling easier. It’s also nontoxic and causes less irritation to the skin than soap and water. The paper also looked at the production of biodiesel using feedstocks from the first through the fourth generation.

A Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks by Transesterification

An attempt was made to investigate the extent of biodegradability of LDPE by six strains were isolated from marine and garden soil. The phenotypic fingerprint, similar to the Gen III biolog, was utilised to activate the substrate utilisation of strains, which were identified as Paenibacillus castanea and Riemerella anatipestifer. The optimal conditions for both was found to be pH of 7.1, temperature of 37oC, contact time of 72hrs, LDPE weight & inoculums volume of Paenibacillus castanea; 0.030 g & 3 % (v/v) for Riemerella anatipestifer; 0.042 g & 4% (v/v). LDPE degradation was confirmed by the weight loss which was found to be 7.30 % for Paenibacillus castanea & 5.40 % for Riemerella anatipestifer after an incubation of 35 days. The present study suggest that Paenibacillus castanea is efficient, cost effective, eco friendly and safe approach for the elimination of LDPE compared to Riemerella anatipestifer from the environment. The changes in the functional group of Paenibacillus castanea was further detected by FTIR. These results indicate that Paenibacillus castanea can prove to be a suitable candidate for LDPE treatment without causing any harm to our health or environment.

/pdf/a-comparative-study-of-low-density-polyethylene-shopping-2m6pss2b.pdf

H Hamzah

Papers

Performance and emission of turbocharger engine using gasoline and ethanol blends

Haldane kinetic study on biodegradation of phenol -a comprehensive review

Review on advances in biodegradation of phenols: kinetics, modelling and mass transfer

A Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks by Transesterification

A comparative study of low-density polyethylene shopping carry bag degrading bacteria isolated from marine and garden soil