http://www.nurserycropscience.info/water/managing-runoff/technical-pubs/reichenberger-et-al.-2007.-mitigation-strategies-to-reduce-pesticide-inputs-into-ground-and-surface-water-and-their-effectiveness-a-review

Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness; A review

This section is composed of three basic subareas: combined sewer overflows (CSOs), sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs), and stormwater discharges. Much of the literature cited came from documents covering noteworthy global conferences (Bathala, 1996; Engineering Foundation, 1996; Hallam et al., 1996; Maxwell et al., 1996; Sieker and Verworn [Eds.], 1996; Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1996; U.S. EPA 1996a; Water Environment Federation, 1996a,b,c). In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) published guidance documents (U.S. EPA, 1996,c,d,e), which are discussed in more detail in the subsection Regulatory Policies and Financial Aspects.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/29763265.pdf

Urban wet-weather flows

An overview is given on pesticide-residue determination in environmental and food samples by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Pesticides comprise a large number of substances that belong to many completely different chemical groups, the only common characteristic is that they are effective against pests. They still constitute a challenge in MS because there is no collective pathway for fragmentation. A brief introduction to the theory of tandem MS permits a discussion of which parameters influence the ionization efficiency when the ions are subjected to different actions. Emphasis is placed on the different tandem MS instruments: triple and ion-trap quadrupoles, and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), including advantages and drawbacks, typical detection limits, and ion signals at low concentrations. The instrumental setup, as well as LC and mass spectrometric experimental conditions, must be carefully selected to increase the performance of the analytical system. The capacity of each instrument to provide useful data for the identification of pesticides, and the possibility to obtain structural information for the identification of target and non-target compounds, are discussed. Finally, sample preparation techniques and examples of applications are debated to reveal the potential of the current state-of-the-art technology, and to further promote the usefulness of tandem MS.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/mas.10071

Environmental and food applications of LC-tandem mass spectrometry in pesticide-residue analysis: an overview.

Significance of urban and agricultural land use for biocide and pesticide dynamics in surface waters

Biobeds originated in Sweden in response to the need for simple and effective methods to minimize environmental contamination from pesticide use, especially when filling spraying equipment, a typical point source of contamination. The biobed system has attracted attention in several countries, where work is being conducted to adapt it to local conditions and applications. As a consequence, the biobed system has been more or less modified and sometimes renamed, for example, as biomassbed in Italy, biofilter in Belgium, and Phytobac and biobac in France. The effectiveness and simplicity of the biobed also make it suitable for use in developing countries, and different adaptations of the biobed concept now exist in, for instance, Peru, Guatemala, and Ecuador. When the modification of the biobed includes an intention to use it for retention and degradation of pesticides in sprayer washings, the construction has to be adapted to, for example, lined biobeds to ensure that no pesticide leaching will occur. Replacement of some of the original materials in the Swedish biomixture (straw, peat, and soil) can also change the performance of the system, for instance, the amount, activity, and composition of the microbial community that develops. This review presents the state of the art of biobeds and similar systems in Sweden and worldwide and identifies future research needs. Factors affecting the efficiency of biobeds in terms of degradation and retention of pesticides are discussed, with particular emphasis on the microbial processes involved.

Biobeds for environmental protection from pesticide use--a review.

Reducing pesticide loads in surface waters implies identifying the pathways responsible for the pollution. The current study documents the pesticide contamination of the river Zwester Ohm, a 4917-ha catchment in Germany with 41% of the land used for crop production. Discharges and concentrations of 19 pesticides were measured continuously at three locations for 15 mo. The load detected at the outlet of the catchment amounted to 9048 g a.i. The losses represent 0.22% of the pesticides applied by the farmers. The contamination showed a seasonal pattern following the pesticide application times. The wastewater treatment plant system (WWTPS) in the catchment (two wastewater treatment plants [WWTP], 14 combined sewer overflows (CSO), four CSO tanks) emits during dry weather periods purified sewage and during storm events sewage mixed with stormwater runoff into the river. The contribution by the WWTPS to the pesticide load was defined as point-source pollution (PSP). The load was dominated by PSP with at least 77% of the total pollution. No significant interdependencies between intrinsic properties of the pesticides, hydrometeorological factors, and the loads occurring in the stream could be found. Therefore, it is not possible to predict PSP for other catchments based on the results from this study. Whereas 65% of the total load entered the river via the WWTP, a portion of 12% was attributed to the CSO. The study points out that the influence of CSO on PSP should be taken into account in future catchment studies in areas with comparable agricultural structure.

Point- and Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Contamination in the Zwester Ohm Catchment, Germany

Hydrological characterisation of pesticide loads using hydrograph separation at different scales in a German catchment

The applicability of online trace enrichment with custom-made coated capillaries combined with tandem mass spectrometry was demonstrated for the target analysis of selected pesticides (mainly herbicides, e.g., triazines, phenylureas, and acetanilides) in water. The developed method allows rapid determination of several widely used plant protectants within a total analysis time of 11 min. Good linearity (r ≥ 0.995) was obtained for the selected pesticides in the range of 0.050–50 µg/L. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the peak areas were ≤3.8% for spiked Milli-Q water (5 µg/L). The RSDs obtained in analyses of spiked (1 µg/L) water samples (brook water, river water, sewage plant effluent) ranged from 2.9 to 6.8%, indicating low influence of the matrix on enrichment and detection. The detection limits, which ranged from 10 to 90 ng/L, fulfilled the requirements of the European regulations for drinking water. The polyacrylate coating of the extraction capillary showed good stability in the presence of water and acetonitrile and allowed ≥100 extractions with 1 capillary.

/pdf/rapid-target-analysis-for-pesticides-in-water-by-online-flo8w7dgzq.pdf

Rapid target analysis for pesticides in water by online coated capillary microextraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

Measurements in three rural sewage plants in Hesse (central Germany) have shown, that in the outflow loads of pesticides used in agriculture (isoproturon, metazachlor, trifluraline) increased with growing pesticide use and those of non-agricultural pesticides (diuron, simazine, chlortoluron) increased as a function of urbanized area. Average loads of isoproturon and metazachlor were calculated between 0,5 and 1,1 L spraying liquid per application. The chronological sequence of daily number of applications, number of sprayer cleanings and pesticide load showed that most of the emission took place during the cleaning of the sprayers. In two study areas outflow of the sewage plants contributed about 65% and 75% to the overall pesticide load in local streams. Comparism with results of similar studies implies that almost the whole remaining pesticide load in those streams did not originate from non-point but also from point sources.

Gewässerbelastung durch Pflanzenschutzmittel in drei Einzugsgebieten

Aim of the project was to quantify loads of isoproturon and metazachlor originating from farmyards in three sewage plants in Hesse (central Germany) and to reduce them by advisory measures given to the farmers of the study areas. In autumn 1996 the pesticide loads were measured for the first time followed by consulting measures during the year 1997. Measurements were repeated in autumn 1997. Due to effective consultation to the farmers it was possible to t decrease the loads of isoproturon by 50 to 80%. In 1997 metazachlor was not detectable in the sewage plants anymore.

H. Hartmann

Papers

Point- and Nonpoint-Source Pesticide Contamination in the Zwester Ohm Catchment, Germany

Hydrological characterisation of pesticide loads using hydrograph separation at different scales in a German catchment

Rapid target analysis for pesticides in water by online coated capillary microextraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

Gewässerbelastung durch Pflanzenschutzmittel in drei Einzugsgebieten

Reduktion des Gewässereintrags von Pflanzenschutzmitteln aus Punktquellen durch Beratung