Biological activities of lignans

Phenothiazine: the seven lives of pharmacology's first lead structure.

(1975). Interaction of Methylenedioxyphenyl (1,3-Benzodioxole) Compounds with Enzymes and Their Effects on Mammals. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 231-301.

Interaction of Methylenedioxyphenyl (1,3-Benzodioxole) Compounds with Enzymes and Their Effects on Mammals

Synergism, or the substantially more than additive toxic or pharmaco­ logical action of two substances used together, is a particular type of joint action which is the direct opposite of antagonism, in which the activity of a mixture is less than that of the more active constituent. As related to insec­ ticide action, synergism has generally been regarded as applying only where one component of a mixture, the synergist, is inactive at the dosage employed and where the mixture is appreciably more active than the other component alone. This convention, which will be followed generally in this review, sim­ plifies the demonstration of synergism, since the expected sum of the effects of two toxic materials used together is not always easy to determine. Ex­ cellent and comprehensive reviews of the mathematical basis for synergism have been produced by Hewlett (45) and by Sakai (99), and of insect toxicol­ ogy by Casida (19) and O'Brien (84) . Synergists are of practical importance to the entomologist (a) in the more economical or efficient control of insects by a mixture, e.g., the use of piper­ onyl butoxide, sulfoxide, n-propyl isome or sesamex with the expensive pyre­ throids ; (b) in increasing the spectrum of activity of an insecticide, e.g . , the use of carbaryl with piperonyl butoxide or other synergist to control the body louse or house fly; and (c) in restoring the activity of an insecticide against resistant strains of insects, e .g., the use of 1,1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-ethanol (DMC) or p-chlorobenzene N,N-dibutyl sulfonamide (WARF) as synergists for DDT against resistant house flies. As our knowledge accumulates, the use of synergist with insecticide may well provide the most feasible way to pre­ vent the development of resistant races of pests (45) . Quite apart from these important practical considerations, the funda­ mental investigation of synergism and synergists has led to a much better appreciation of the mechanisms of detoxication in insects, of the basic bio­ chemical processes involved in insecticide resistance, and of the mode of action of insecticides. Throughout this review the term, synergistic ratio, or SR will be used for LD60 of insecticide alone/LD5o of insecticide when applied together with the synergist. This ratio provides a fairly precise measure of the ease of detoxica­ tion of the insecticide and has been used widely by recent investigators under such terms as degree of synergism (35), synergistic activity (59, 106), co­ toxicity coefficient (20, 105) , and synergistic effect (45) .

Mode of Action of Insecticide Synergists

This review critically evaluates the reported thermodynamic data on chromium metal, oxides, hydroxides, free aqueous ions, and hydrolysis species. Several discrepancies and inconsistencies have been uncovered and resolved to improve equilibrium calculations for chemical modeling and related engineering purposes. A revised set of data is derived from evaluation of electrochemical measurements, silver chromate solubility measurements, and auxiliary post-1980 data, reevaluation of earlier data, and reconsideration of the path for the thermodynamic network. The recommended thermodynamic values for Cr(cr), C , C , Cr , Cr2 , Cr2O3(cr), CrO3(cr), FeCr2O4(cr), CrCl2(cr), CrCl3(cr), and KFe3(CrO4)2(OH)6(cr) at 25 °C, 1 bar, and infinite dilution are given.

Critical Evaluation and Selection of Standard State Thermodynamic Properties for Chromium Metal and Its Aqueous Ions, Hydrolysis Species, Oxides, and Hydroxides

H. L. Haller

Papers

The synergistic action of sesamin with pyrethrum insecticides

Some compounds related to sesamin: their structures and their synergistic effect with pyrethrum insecticides

Effect of Sesamin and Related Compounds on the Insecticidal Action of Pyrethrum on Houseflies

Insecticidal Tests of Synthetic organic Compounds—Chiefly Tests of Sulfur Compounds Against Culicine Mosquito Larvae

Rotenone. xix. the nature of the alkali soluble hydrogenation products of rotenone and its derivatives and their bearing on the structure of rotenone