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The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge

The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

The number of changing pixel rate (NPCR) and the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI) are two most common quantities used to evaluate the strength of image encryption algorithms/ciphers with respect to differential attacks. Conventionally, a high NPCR/UACI score is usually interpreted as a high resistance to differential attacks. However, it is not clear how high NPCR/UACI is such that the image cipher indeed has a high security level. In this paper, we approach this problem by establishing a mathematical model for ideally encrypted images and then derive expectations and variances of NPCR and UACI under this model. Further, these theoretical values are used to form statistical hypothesis NPCR and UACI tests. Critical values of tests are consequently derived and calculated both symbolically and numerically. As a result, the question of whether a given NPCR/UACI score is sufficiently high such that it is not discernible from ideally encrypted images is answered by comparing actual NPCR/UACI scores with corresponding critical values. Experimental results using the NPCR and UACI randomness tests show that many existing image encryption methods are actually not as good as they are purported, although some methods do pass these randomness tests.

NPCR and UACI Randomness Tests for Image Encryption

A new 1D chaotic system for image encryption

Recently, a number of double-image cryptosystems have been developed. However, there are notable security performance differences between the two encryption channels in these algorithms. This weakness downgrades the security level and practicability of these cryptosystems, as the cryptosystems cannot guarantee all the input images be transmitted in the channel with higher security level. In this paper, we propose a novel double-image encryption scheme based on cross-image pixel scrambling in gyrator domains. The two input images are firstly shuffled by the proposed cross-image pixel scrambling approach, which can well balance the pixel distribution across the input images. The two scrambled images will be encoded into the real and imaginary parts of a complex function, and then converted into gyrator domains. An iterative architecture is designed to enhance the security level of the cryptosystem, and the cross-image pixel scrambling operation is performed to the real and imaginary parts of the generated complex encrypted data in each round. Numerical simulation results prove that a satisfactory and balanced security performance can be achieved in both channels.

A novel double-image encryption scheme based on cross-image pixel scrambling in gyrator domains

In this paper, we propose a refined term frequency inversed document frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm called TA TF-IDF to find hot terms, based on time distribution information and user attention. We also put forward a method to generate new terms and combined terms, which are split by the Chinese word segmentation algorithm. Then, we extract hot news according to the hot terms, grouping them into K-means clusters so as to realize the detection of hot topics in news. The experimental results indicated that our method based on the refined TF-IDF algorithm can find hot topics effectively.

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Hot Topic Detection Based on a Refined TF-IDF Algorithm

Reusing the permutation matrix dynamically for efficient image cryptographic algorithm

An image encryption scheme using self-adaptive selective permutation and inter-intra-block feedback diffusion

During the past decades, chaos-based permutation-diffusion type image cipher has been widely investigated to meet the increasing demand for real-time secure image transmission over public networks. However, the existing researches almost exclusively focus on the improvements of the permutation and diffusion methods independently, without consideration of cooperation between the two processes. In this paper, an improved permutation-diffusion type image cipher with a chaotic orbit perturbing mechanism is proposed. In the permutation stage, pixels in the plain image are shuffled with a pixel-swapping mechanism, and the pseudorandom locations are generated by chaotic logistic map iteration. Furthermore, a plain pixel related chaotic orbit perturbing mechanism is introduced. As a result, a tiny change in plain image will be spread out during the confusion process, and hence an effective diffusion effect is introduced. By using a reverse direction diffusion method, the introduced diffusion effect will be further diffused to the whole cipher image within one overall encryption round. Simulation results and extensive cryptanalysis justify that the proposed scheme has a satisfactory security with a low computational complexity, which renders it a good candidate for real-time secure image storage and distribution applications.

Hai Yu

Papers

A novel double-image encryption scheme based on cross-image pixel scrambling in gyrator domains

Hot Topic Detection Based on a Refined TF-IDF Algorithm

Reusing the permutation matrix dynamically for efficient image cryptographic algorithm

An image encryption scheme using self-adaptive selective permutation and inter-intra-block feedback diffusion

An improved permutation-diffusion type image cipher with a chaotic orbit perturbing mechanism.