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The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge

The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

The number of changing pixel rate (NPCR) and the unified averaged changed intensity (UACI) are two most common quantities used to evaluate the strength of image encryption algorithms/ciphers with respect to differential attacks. Conventionally, a high NPCR/UACI score is usually interpreted as a high resistance to differential attacks. However, it is not clear how high NPCR/UACI is such that the image cipher indeed has a high security level. In this paper, we approach this problem by establishing a mathematical model for ideally encrypted images and then derive expectations and variances of NPCR and UACI under this model. Further, these theoretical values are used to form statistical hypothesis NPCR and UACI tests. Critical values of tests are consequently derived and calculated both symbolically and numerically. As a result, the question of whether a given NPCR/UACI score is sufficiently high such that it is not discernible from ideally encrypted images is answered by comparing actual NPCR/UACI scores with corresponding critical values. Experimental results using the NPCR and UACI randomness tests show that many existing image encryption methods are actually not as good as they are purported, although some methods do pass these randomness tests.

NPCR and UACI Randomness Tests for Image Encryption

A new 1D chaotic system for image encryption

Work function-tunable borophene-based electrode materials are of significant importance because they promote efficient carrier extraction/injection, thereby enabling electronic devices to achieve maximum energy conversion efficiency. Accordingly, determining the work function of adatom-borophene nanocomposites within a series wherein the adatom is systematically changed will facilitate the design of such materials. In this study, we theoretically determined that the M-B bond length, binding energy, electron transfer between adatoms and BBP, and work function (ϕ) are linearly dependent on the ionization potential (IP) and electronegativity for thermodynamically and kinetically stable adatom-α-borophene (M/BBP) systems involving a series of alkali (earth) metal/BBP (M = Li-Cs; Be-Ba) and halogen/BBP (M = F-I), respectively. However, the binding energies of Li/BBP and Be/BBP deviate from these dependencies owing to their super small adatoms and the resulting significantly enhanced effective M-B bonding areas. By interpreting the electron transfer picture among the different parts of M/BBP, we confirmed that metallic M/BBP possesses ionic sp-p and dsp-p M-B bonds in alkali (earth) metal/BBP but covalent-featured ionic p-p interactions in halogen/BBP. In particular, the direct proportionality between IP and ϕ for alkali (earth) metal/BBP originates from the synergistic effect of charge rearrangement and the increased induced dipole moment; however, the inverse proportionality between electronegativity and ϕ for halogen/BBP arises from the adsorption induced charge redistribution. Our results provide guidance for experimental efforts toward the realization of work function-tunable borophene-based electrodes as well as insight into the bonding rules between various adatoms and α-borophene.

Effects of adatom species on the structure, stability, and work function of adatom-α-borophene nanocomposites.

In this paper, a new face detection algorithm based on fractal theory and complexion model is proposed. On the basis of the traditional face detection, the new algorithm estimated the fractal dimension of face area to exclude the non-face area and extract the face area fast and accurately. Furthermore, its calculation is simple and it can realize multi-angle detection in the complex background. As well as the new algorithm can overcome the shortcomings of high misdetection and low capability in adapting to changes of traditional way. Simulations are carried out with detailed analyses, which demonstrating the superior accuracy and high efficiency of our algorithm.

Face Detection Based on Fractal and Complexion Model in the Complex Background

In this study, the structures and stabilities of [H,Mg,N,C,O] isomers were theoretically characterized by density functional theory and coupled-cluster computations. Linear magnesium isocyanide hydroxide (HOMgNC, 1) and magnesium isocyanate hydride...

Theoretical investigation of the structures, stabilities, and vibrational and rotational spectroscopic parameters of linear HOMgNC and HMgNCO molecules by density functional theory and coupled-cluster method

In the present paper a fast and efficient fractal image encoding method based on sorting the contracted domain pool is presented. Two parameters are used to sort domain pool: the number of hopping and the variance of continuing positive and negative pixels in the given block. With the help of the parameters, the number of domain blocks examined by a range block is reduced dramatically, and thus, the sort of domain blocks results in a considerable acceleration of the encoding process. To compare with the method done by C.K.Lee that sorts the contracted domain pool in terms of their local variances, the proposed method is proved to be a better way to improve the quality of pictures with a little more time in encoding.

Hai Yu

Papers

Effects of adatom species on the structure, stability, and work function of adatom-α-borophene nanocomposites.

Face Detection Based on Fractal and Complexion Model in the Complex Background

Theoretical investigation of the structures, stabilities, and vibrational and rotational spectroscopic parameters of linear HOMgNC and HMgNCO molecules by density functional theory and coupled-cluster method

Fractal Image Compression Based on Number of Hopping and Variance of Continuing Positive and Negative Pixels

Effect of Na2O on transition and stability of dicalcium silicate based on sintering process