Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a new kind of digital technology that increases its attention across academia, government, and industry sectors and covers a wide range of applications like agriculture, energy, medical, transportation, etc. The traditional power systems with physical equipment as a core element are more integrated with information and communication technology, which evolves into the Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS). The CPPS consists of a physical system tightly integrated with cyber systems (control, computing, and communication functions) and allows the two-way flows of electricity and information for enabling smart grid technologies. Even though the digital technologies monitoring and controlling the electric power grid more efficiently and reliably, the power grid is vulnerable to cybersecurity risk and involves the complex interdependency between cyber and physical systems. Analyzing and resolving the problems in CPPS needs the modelling methods and systematic investigation of a complex interaction between cyber and physical systems. The conventional way of modelling, simulation, and analysis involves the separation of physical domain and cyber domain, which is not suitable for the modern CPPS. Therefore, an integrated framework needed to analyze the practical scenario of the unification of physical and cyber systems. A comprehensive review of different modelling, simulation, and analysis methods and different types of cyber-attacks, cybersecurity measures for modern CPPS is explored in this paper. A review of different types of cyber-attack detection and mitigation control schemes for the practical power system is presented in this paper. The status of the research in CPPS around the world and a new path for recommendations and research directions for the researchers working in the CPPS are finally presented.

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Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS): A Review on Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis With Cyber Security Applications

A peer-to-peer energy trading market embedded with residential shared energy storage units

The recent developments in embedded system design and communication technologies popularized the adaption of the cyber-physical system (CPS) for practical applications. A CPS is an amalgamation of a physical system, a cyber system, and their communication network. The cyber system performs extensive computational operations on the data received from the physical devices, interprets the data, and initiates effective control actions in real-time. One such CPS is the smart grid CPS (SG-CPS) consisting of physical devices with diverse communication requirements, and intermediate communication networks. Thus, reliable communication networks are paramount for the effective operation of the SG-CPS. This paper is an elaborate survey on the communication networks from the perspective of the SG-CPS. This paper presents the state-of-art communication technologies that can meet the communication requirements of the various SG-CPS applications. The communications standards and communication protocols are also comprehensively discussed. A systematic mapping among communication technologies, standards, and protocols for various SG-CPS applications has been presented based on an extensive literature survey in this paper. Furthermore, several challenges, such as security, safety, reliability and resilience, etc., have been addressed from SG-CPS’s perspective. This work also identifies the research gaps in the various domains of the SG-CPS that can be of immense benefit to the research community.

Smart grid cyber-physical systems: communication technologies, standards and challenges

Systemic formalisation of Cyber-Physical-Social System (CPSS): A systematic literature review

Hierarchical approach for coordinating energy and flexibility trading in local energy markets

The growth in electricity demand and the development of grid modernization have increased the complexity of power grid and driven the grid more vulnerable to extreme events like environmental disasters or man-made attacks. Those disruptions can cause outages, cascading failures, and blackouts. The objectives of this paper are to 1) review the recent development addressing the aforementioned challenges with the focus on the impact of extreme events on power system resilience, and 2) discuss the application of smart grid technologies to provide faster restoration techniques and enhance power system resilience. Moreover, challenges and opportunities for future work to enhance smart grid resilience have also been discussed in this paper. The ultimate goal is to present a summary of state-of-the-art and stimulate interests in the area of cyber-physical- human resilience of smart grid.

A Review of Smart Grid Restoration to Enhance Cyber-Physical System Resilience

Distributed energy resources, together with information and communication technologies, have transformed the traditional electricity consumers into proactive consumers, namely prosumers. Prosumers can exchange their surplus energy with consumers through peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing. In this paper, the framework of P2P energy exchange in active distribution networks is developed using a multi-round double auction (MRDA) with average pricing mechanism (APM) integrated with distributional locational marginal price. The advantages of the proposed P2P framework include, 1) modeling and integration of the costs of voltage regulation, congestion, and power loss into the payments of agents for each transaction; 2) the entire distribution network clustered into multiple zones with transactions cleared at different levels, which decreases the additional costs for successful transactions, reduces the computational time, and increases the number of successful transactions; and 3) the matching algorithm encourages more prosumers and consumers to participate in P2P energy sharing and increases the efficiency and benefit from P2P market. The proposed MRDA-APM framework is validated by testing on the 33-node and 141-node distribution test systems. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism for P2P energy exchange from both technical and computational viewpoints.

Multi-Round Double Auction-Enabled Peer-to-Peer Energy Exchange in Active Distribution Networks

Risk-Averse Cooperative Operation of PV and Hydrogen Systems in Active Distribution Networks

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) enable better system monitoring and security enhancement in smart grids. In order to enhance power system resilience against outages and blackouts caused by extreme weather events or man-made attacks, it remains a major challenge to determine the optimal number and location of PMUs. In this paper, a multi-objective resilient PMU placement (MORPP) problem is formulated, and solved by a modified Teaching-Learning-Based optimization (MO-TLBO) algorithm. Three objectives are considered in the MORPP problem, minimizing the number of PMUs, maximizing the system observability, and minimizing the voltage stability index. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through testing on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, and 118-bus test systems. The advantage of the MO-TLBO-based MORPP is demonstrated through the comparison with other methods in the literature, in terms of iteration number, optimality and time of convergence.

Multi-Objective PMU Allocation for Resilient Power System Monitoring

Environmental concerns and depletion of nonrenewable resources has made great interest towards renewable energy resources. Cleanness and high potential are factors that caused fast growth of wind energy. However, the stochastic nature of wind energy makes the presence of energy storage systems (ESS) in wind integrated power systems, inevitable. Due to capability of being used in large-scale systems and the lower capital cost, compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one of the favorable storage systems. This paper proposes a model for security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with integration of large-scale CAES and wind generation. The SCUC problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MIP) in which a lossless dc representation of transmission network is used and it has been solved by CPLEX solver using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) optimization package. The IEEE RTS 96-bus systems is used to validate the performance of the proposed method.

Hamed Haggi

Papers

A Review of Smart Grid Restoration to Enhance Cyber-Physical System Resilience

Multi-Round Double Auction-Enabled Peer-to-Peer Energy Exchange in Active Distribution Networks

Risk-Averse Cooperative Operation of PV and Hydrogen Systems in Active Distribution Networks

Multi-Objective PMU Allocation for Resilient Power System Monitoring

Security-Constrained Unit Commitment Considering Large-Scale Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Integrated With Wind Power Generation