Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes. Clove is native of Indonesia but nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world including Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and posses great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications. This review includes the main studies reporting the biological activities of clove and eugenol. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than many fruits, vegetables and other spices and should deserve special attention. A new application of clove as larvicidal agent is an interesting strategy to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in Brazil and other tropical countries. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies were also mentioned. The different studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use of clove as food preservative and medicinal plant standing out the importance of this plant for different applications.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/298802.pdf

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice.

Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: A review

Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.

Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses.

Methods for fish biology

This review addresses the dietary supplements, synbiotics and probiotics in combination with plant products or yeast/β-glucans in aquaculture. The potential applications of synbiotics have a relatively short history in aquaculture, but have generated interest because of numerous benefits reported in endothermic animals. Since the first study was published by (Aquaculture Science in 2009) the concept has been used in aquaculture to reveal effects on growth performance, gut microbiota, gut histology, immune parameters, haematological and biochemical parameters as well as increased disease resistance. However, a limited number of probiotic bacteria (mainly Bacillus and Enterococcus) and prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, short-chain fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, arabinoxylan–oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharide, chitosan oligosaccharide and inulin) have been used. Additionally, some studies have used plant products or yeast/β-glucans in combination with probiotics, and these studies suggested that these dietary supplements promote growth performance and boost some immune parameters. The present review identifies evaluations of gut microbiota and gut morphology, and mucosal immune response as significant gaps in existing knowledge and suggests issues that merit further investigations to conclude the potential of dietary supplements in aquaculture.

Application of dietary supplements (synbiotics and probiotics in combination with plant products and β-glucans) in aquaculture

Clove oil is an effective, local and natural anaesthetic. Many hatcheries and research studies use clove oil to immobilize fish for handling, sorting, tagging, artificial reproduction procedures and surgery and to suppress sensory systems during invasive procedures. Clove oil may be more appropriate for use in commercial aquaculture situations. Improper clove oil use can decrease fish viability, distort physiological data or result in mortalities. Because animals may be anaesthetized by unskilled labourers and released in natural water bodies, training in the proper use of clove oil may decrease variability in recovery and experimental results and increase fish survival. Here, we briefly describe many aspects of clove oil, including the legal uses of it, anaesthesia mechanism and what is currently known about the preparation and behavioural and pathologic effects of the anaesthetic. We outline methods and precautions for administration and changes in fish behaviour during progressively deeper anaesthesia and discuss the physiological effects of clove oil, its potential for compromising fish health and effectiveness of water quality parameters.

Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish (review)

The aim of present study was to determine the LC50/96 h value of copper sulfate and determine the growth performance of Caspian Sea kutum) Rutilus frisii kutum (fingerlings during 60-days sub-lethal copper (Cu). After acclimation period to two weeks, for determine the LC50/96 h value, total of 27 aquarium with a capacity of 60 L each stocked with 10 fishes an aquarium. Tunney four aquarium and 8 concentrations of (Cu) composed the 24 treatments while 3 other aquaria were used as control. For each treatment, three replications were conducted. And experiment to determine the growth performance fish were transferred into fiberglass aquaria of 200 L water capacity for growth trials. The treated fish were kept in the aquarium containing sub-lethal concentrations of Cu (0.11 and 0.23 mg L-1) and affected to grow for 60 days, while control fish were placed in metal free water. The results indicated that median lethal concentrations (LC50) of copper to Caspian Sea kutum for 96 h exposure was 2.310 ppm. The chronic sub-lethal water-borne Cu exposure to the fish exerted that fish had significantly decreased final body weight in comparison to control group. The copper sulfate also had significant negative effects on specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in comparison to those fed the control group. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF) were significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). Also survival rate in experimental treatments in comparison with control group, was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The treated fish exhibited significantly lower body weight and length gains than that of control. The increments of fish weights, fork and total lengths, condition factor, feed intake and condition factor of treated and control fish varied significantly during study period. Hence, concluded that copper sulfate is toxic for Caspian sea kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum).

/pdf/effect-of-copper-sulfate-on-the-survival-and-growth-551egn46f4.pdf

Effect of copper sulfate on the survival and growth performance of Caspian Sea kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum

This study (at 90 days) was carried out to evaluate the effect of synbiotic (Biomin imbo) on growth factors and survival rate of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae via supplementation with Biomar. The synbiotic were used in three concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 g/Kg of diet (Biomar). The Zebrafish larvae in experimental treatments were fed of the three levels of synbiotic with 4 percent body weight (3 times a day). The larvae in control treatment were fed without supplemented Biomar. The growth factors and survival rate of larvae fed on synbiotic were compared to those fishes in control treatment that fed of unsupplemented Biomar. The results showed that larvae fed the synbiotic had significantly increased final body weight in comparison to control treatment. The synbiotic also had significant positive effects on specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversation efficiency (FCE) in comparison to those fed the control treatment. The food conversation ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF) were significantly decreased in comparison with the control treatment (p<0.05). Also survival rate in experimental treatments in comparison with control treatment, was significantly increased (p<0.05).

/pdf/the-influence-of-synbiotic-biomin-imbo-on-growth-factors-and-2e1mnkft6m.pdf

The Influence of Synbiotic (Biomin imbo) on Growth Factors and Survival Rate of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae via Supplementation with Biomar

A growth trial experiment was conducted for 90 days to evaluate between two aquatic plants (Lemna sp. and Azolla filiculoides), a xerophilous plant (Alfalfa) and two formulated diets with different protein levels (25 and 35%) on growth performance, survival rate, biochemical parameters and body composition of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Initial weight of grass carp was 15.41 ± 0.51 g in five treatments with three replicates in each treatment experiments under field and fiberglass condition. The grass carp in experimental treatments were fed by Fed plant origin diet with 20 percent of body weight and formulated diet with 5 percent of body weight (3 times a day). Growth performance, survival rate, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), hematocirit, hemoglobin and total protein were found higher for alfalfa diet group compared to all other experimental diets (P 0.05). And also in growth parameters, A. filiculoides and formulated feed with 35% protein was not significantly different from each other (P<0.05). In blood factors, there was not observed any significant differences in Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), White Blood Cell (WBCs), red blood corpuscular (RBCs), glucose, cholesterol and chortisol (P<0.05) between treatments. Also in body composition the highest lipid was observed in group fed with pelleted diet (25% percent protein) however, it had not significant difference to group fed with pelleted diet (35% percent protein) (P<0.05) and all treatments did not show any significant differences in moisture, protein and ash measurements among each other (P<0.05).

/pdf/effect-of-different-types-of-plants-lemna-sp-azolla-3s28di9m27.pdf

Effect of Different Types of Plants ( Lemna Sp., Azolla filiculoides and Alfalfa ) and Artificial Diet (With Two Protein Levels) on Growth Performance, Survival Rate, Biochemical Parameters and Body Composition of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella )

According to body length and weight, 90 grass carps (average weight 15.41±0.51g) were divided into 3 groups (three replicates for each group). The present study was carried out to compare between three artificial diets with different protein and synbiotic (Biomin imbo) levels (T1: 25% protein and 0.0 g/kg synbiotic, T2: 35% protein and 0.0 g/kg synbiotic T3: 25% protein and 3g/kg synbiotic) After 60 days feeding, growth factors of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) body length, weight and survival rate were measured. The results showed that synbiotic added to feed was not able to increase the growth and survival rate in grass carp and the best growth performance was observed in T2 (35% protein and 0.0 g/kg synbiotic) (P 0.05) between T1 and T3. The best survival rate also was obtained in T3 and T2 (P<0.05).

http://www.idosi.org/wjz/wjz7(3)12/12.pdf

Assessment of the Effects of Synbiotic (Biomin imbo) via Supplementation with Artificial Diet (With Different Protein Levels) on Growth Performance and Survival Rate in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Hamed Nekoubin

Papers

Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish (review)

Effect of copper sulfate on the survival and growth performance of Caspian Sea kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum

The Influence of Synbiotic (Biomin imbo) on Growth Factors and Survival Rate of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae via Supplementation with Biomar

Effect of Different Types of Plants ( Lemna Sp., Azolla filiculoides and Alfalfa ) and Artificial Diet (With Two Protein Levels) on Growth Performance, Survival Rate, Biochemical Parameters and Body Composition of Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella )

Assessment of the Effects of Synbiotic (Biomin imbo) via Supplementation with Artificial Diet (With Different Protein Levels) on Growth Performance and Survival Rate in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)