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American Society for Testing and Materials

The purpose of this review is to discuss the development and the state of the art in dynamic testing techniques and dynamic mechanical behaviour of rock materials. The review begins by briefly introducing the history of rock dynamics and explaining the significance of studying these issues. Loading techniques commonly used for both intermediate and high strain rate tests and measurement techniques for dynamic stress and deformation are critically assessed in Sects. 2 and 3. In Sect. 4, methods of dynamic testing and estimation to obtain stress–strain curves at high strain rate are summarized, followed by an in-depth description of various dynamic mechanical properties (e.g. uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength and fracture toughness) and corresponding fracture behaviour. Some influencing rock structural features (i.e. microstructure, size and shape) and testing conditions (i.e. confining pressure, temperature and water saturation) are considered, ending with some popular semi-empirical rate-dependent equations for the enhancement of dynamic mechanical properties. Section 5 discusses physical mechanisms of strain rate effects. Section 6 describes phenomenological and mechanically based rate-dependent constitutive models established from the knowledge of the stress–strain behaviour and physical mechanisms. Section 7 presents dynamic fracture criteria for quasi-brittle materials. Finally, a brief summary and some aspects of prospective research are presented.

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A Review of Dynamic Experimental Techniques and Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Materials

Review of experimental techniques for high rate deformation and shock studies

This paper reviews the common shapes of collapsible energy absorbers and the different modes of deformation of the most common ones. Common shapes include circular tubes, square tubes, frusta, struts, honeycombs, and sandwich plates. Common modes of deformation for circular tubes include axial crushing, lateral indentation, lateral flattening, inversion and splitting. Non-collapsible systems, such as lead extrusions or tube expansions, are considered to be beyond the scope of this review.

Collapsible impact energy absorbers: an overview

Classic Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing

On the use of SHPB techniques to determine the dynamic behavior of materials in the range of small strains

On the use of a viscoelastic split hopkinson pressure bar

An experimental study on the behaviour under impact loading of metallic cellular materials

Crushing behaviour of aluminium honeycombs under impact loading

The measuring duration of an SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure bar) set-up is limited by the length of the bars so that there is a limitation of maximum measurable strains in material testing applications. This paper presents a new two-gauge measurement method which takes account of the correction for wave dispersion effects, which cannot be ignored for long time measurements. Using bars of equal dimensions, it allows a quasi-unlimited measuring duration which can be up to 100 times longer than the classical one. Analyses of the sensitivity of results to the imprecision of experimental data show that the method is robust and reliable. It is applied to the testing of soft materials like foam (metallic or polymeric) in the complete range of their response (nominal strains up to 80%) not only at high strain rates but also at medium strain rates ( 5 s −1 e −1 ), with a measuring accuracy comparable with that of the SHPB. It is also successfully used to perform large displacement tests such as crushing of metallic tubes.

Han Zhao

Papers

On the use of SHPB techniques to determine the dynamic behavior of materials in the range of small strains

On the use of a viscoelastic split hopkinson pressure bar

An experimental study on the behaviour under impact loading of metallic cellular materials

Crushing behaviour of aluminium honeycombs under impact loading

A new method for the separation of waves. Application to the SHPB technique for an unlimited duration of measurement