The measurement of meaning

Objective: To review the research addressing the relationship of childhood trauma to psychosis and schizophrenia, and to discuss the theoretical and clinical implications.

Method:  Relevant studies and previous review papers were identified via computer literature searches.

Results:  Symptoms considered indicative of psychosis and schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations, are at least as strongly related to childhood abuse and neglect as many other mental health problems. Recent large-scale general population studies indicate the relationship is a causal one, with a dose-effect.

Conclusion:  Several psychological and biological mechanisms by which childhood trauma increases risk for psychosis merit attention. Integration of these different levels of analysis may stimulate a more genuinely integrated bio-psycho-social model of psychosis than currently prevails. Clinical implications include the need for staff training in asking about abuse and the need to offer appropriate psychosocial treatments to patients who have been abused or neglected as children. Prevention issues are also identified.

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Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications

Deficits in a wide array of functional outcome areas (eg, social functioning, social skills, independent living skills, etc) are marked in schizophrenia. Consequently, much recent research has attempted to identify factors that may contribute to functional outcome; social cognition is one such domain. The purpose of this article is to review research examining the relationship between social cognition and functional outcome. Comprehensive searches of PsycINFO and MEDLINE/PUBMED were conducted to identify relevant published manuscripts to include in the current review. It is concluded that the relationship between social cognition and functional outcome depends on the specific domains of each construct examined; however, it can generally be concluded that there are clear and consistent relationships between aspects of functional outcome and social cognition. These findings are discussed in light of treatment implications for schizophrenia.

https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/kk91fn727

The Functional Significance of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Review

Meta-analytic procedures for social research

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of cognitive remediation for improving cognitive performance, symptoms, and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Method: A meta-analysis was conducted of 26 randomized, controlled trials of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia including 1,151 patients. Results: Cognitive remediation was associated with significant improvements across all three outcomes, with a medium effect size for cognitive performance (0.41), a slightly lower effect size for psychosocial functioning (0.36), and a small effect size for symptoms (0.28). The effects of cognitive remediation on psychosocial functioning were significantly stronger in studies that provided adjunctive psychiatric rehabilitation than in those that provided cognitive remediation alone. Conclusions: Cognitive remediation produces moderate improvements in cognitive performance and, when combined with psychiatric rehabilitation, also improves functional outcomes.

/pdf/a-meta-analysis-of-cognitive-remediation-in-schizophrenia-56z8uarwlo.pdf

A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia

Over the past years, evidence for the efficacy of psychological therapies in schizophrenia has been summarized in a series of meta-analyses. The present contribution aims to provide a descriptive survey of the evidence for the efficacy of psychological therapies as derived from these meta-analyses and to supplement them by selected findings from an own recent meta-analysis. Relevant meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials were identified by searching several electronic databases and by hand searching of reference lists. In order to compare the findings of the existing meta-analyses, the reported effect sizes were extracted and transformed into a uniform effect size measure where possible. For the own meta-analysis, weighted mean effect size differences between comparison groups regarding various types of outcomes were estimated. Their significance was tested by confidence intervals, and heterogeneity tests were applied to examine the consistency of the effects. From the available meta-analyses, social skills training, cognitive remediation, psychoeducational coping-oriented interventions with families and relatives, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy of persistent positive symptoms emerge as effective adjuncts to pharmacotherapy. Social skills training consistently effectuates the acquisition of social skills, cognitive remediation leads to short-term improvements in cognitive functioning, family interventions decrease relapse and hospitalization rates, and cognitive behavioral therapy results in a reduction of positive symptoms. These benefits seem to be accompanied by slight improvements in social functioning. However, open questions remain as to the specific therapeutic ingredients, to the synergistic effects, to the indication, as well as to the generalizability of the findings to routine care.

/pdf/efficacy-of-psychological-therapy-in-schizophrenia-4qp9pdapy5.pdf

Efficacy of Psychological Therapy in Schizophrenia: Conclusions From Meta-analyses

Against the background of evidence-based treatments for schizophrenia, nowadays the implementation of specific cognitive and behavioral interventions becomes more important in the standard care of these patients. Over the past 25 years, research groups in 9 countries have carried out 30 independent evaluations of Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT), a group program that combines neurocognitive and social cognitive interventions with social skills approaches for schizophrenic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of IPT under varying treatment and research conditions in academic and nonacademic sites. In a first step, all 30 published IPT studies with the participation of 1393 schizophrenic patients were included in the meta-analysis. In a second step, only high-quality studies (HQS) (7 studies including 362 patients) were selected and analyzed to check whether they confirmed the results of the first step. Positive mean effect sizes favoring IPT over control groups (placebo-attention conditions, standard care) were found for all dependent variables, including symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and neurocognition. Moreover, the superiority of IPT continued to increase during an average follow-up period of 8.1 months. IPT obtained similarly favorable effects across the different outcome domains, assessment formats (expert ratings, self-reports, and psychological tests), settings (inpatient vs outpatient and academic vs nonacademic), and phases of treatment (acute vs chronic). The HQS confirmed the results of the complete sample. The analysis indicates that IPT is an effective rehabilitation approach for schizophrenia that is robust across a wide range of patients and treatment conditions.

/pdf/integrated-psychological-therapy-ipt-for-schizophrenia-is-it-1jsv163a7g.pdf

Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) for Schizophrenia: Is It Effective?

Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) is a structured intervention program that prescribes steps to remediate cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions that are characteristic of the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Evaluative studies of IPT indicated that the program improved schizophrenic patients' elementary cognitive processes such as attention, abstraction, and concept formation but that patients' performance was still below the normal range. The clinical utility of IPT will depend on studies that document the hierarchical generalization of improvements from the cognitive to the social and symptomatic levels of functioning.

/pdf/treatment-of-cognitive-dysfunctions-and-behavioral-deficits-1zfjcv3e5a.pdf

Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunctions and Behavioral Deficits in Schizophrenia

Addressing the need for research on the nature of refractoriness to antipsychotic drug therapy exhibited by a substantial minority of schizophrenic patients, Philip R.A. May and Sven Jonas Dencker instigated an international study group to discuss this problem, beginning with the International Congress of Neuropsychopharmacology in Goteborg, Sweden, in 1980. The study group subsequently met in Haar, Federal Republic of Germany, in 1985; in Banff, Canada, in 1986; and again in Telfs, Austria, in 1988. The study group set three objectives: (1) to clarify the concept of treatment resistance or refractoriness; (2) to suggest criteria for defining or rating the degree of treatment refractoriness; and (3) to explore the role of psychosocial and drug therapies in increasing the responsiveness of the treatment refractory patient. This position article represents a distillation of the study group's efforts to define treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia.

/pdf/defining-treatment-refractoriness-in-schizophrenia-4m7ostv4c6.pdf

Defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia.

Cognitive disorders have long assumed a central position in describing the pathognomonic characteristics of schizophrenia. Kraepelin's (1902) and Bleuler's (1911) uniquely innovative descriptions of attentional dysfunctions and associational loosening in thought processes laid the groundwork for the concept of basic disorder devised by authors who embraced a phenomenological approach to psychopathology in German-speaking countries (Huber, 1983; Janzarik, 1983), and for experimental research endeavours in English-speaking countries to identify a ‘core psychological deficit’ in schizophrenia (Lang & Buss, 1965). Recent research has identified specific information-processing deficits in affected individuals. These include (a) problems with elementary functions such as selective attention towards relevant stimuli and sustained attention over prolonged periods of time (Oltmanns & Neale, 1975; Nuechterlein, 1977); (b) problems with more complex functions such as encoding and recognition of familiar cues, storing information for future retrieval, or drawing deductive or analogous conclusions from available information (Broga & Neufeld, 1981; Brenner, 1983; Nuechterlein & Dawson, 1984b); and (c) problems with executive functions and response selection (Broen & Storms, 1967; Weinberger et al, 1986, 1988).

Hans D. Brenner

Papers

Efficacy of Psychological Therapy in Schizophrenia: Conclusions From Meta-analyses

Integrated Psychological Therapy (IPT) for Schizophrenia: Is It Effective?

Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunctions and Behavioral Deficits in Schizophrenia

Defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia.

Biological and cognitive vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: implications for treatment.