Up to now, our considerations in this book have mainly treated the behaviour of electrons (or positrons) under the influence of weak perturbations. In this chapter we want to deal with phenomena that occur in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields.1

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/40/3/001/pdf

Quantum electrodynamics of strong fields

19세기말 애국적 담론과 新小說의 정체성

https://escholarship.org/content/qt8mf445sh/qt8mf445sh.pdf?t=nu02or

Atmospheric composition change – global and regional air quality

Lightning in all corners of the world is monitored by one or more land- or space-based lightning locating systems (LLSs). The applications that have driven these developments are numerous and varied. This paper describes the history leading to modern LLSs that sense lightning radiation fields at multiple remote sensors, focusing on the interactions between enabling technology, scientific discovery, technical development, and uses of the data. An overview of all widely used detection and location methods is provided, including a general discussion of their relative strengths and weaknesses for various applications. The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) is presented as a case study, since this LLS has been providing real-time lightning information since the early 1980s, and has provided continental-scale (U.S.) information to research and operational users since 1989. This network has also undergone a series of improvements during its >20-year life in response to evolving detection technologies and expanding requirements for applications. Recent analyses of modeled and actual performance of the current NLDN are also summarized. The paper concludes with a view of the short- and long-term requirements for improved lightning measurements that are needed to address some open scientific questions and fill the needs of emerging applications.

An Overview of Lightning Locating Systems: History, Techniques, and Data Uses, With an In-Depth Look at the U.S. NLDN

. The knowledge of the lightning-induced nitrogen oxides (LNOx) source is important for understanding and predicting the nitrogen oxides and ozone distributions in the troposphere and their trends, the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere, and the lifetime of trace gases destroyed by reactions with OH. This knowledge is further required for the assessment of other important NOx sources, in particular from aviation emissions, the stratosphere, and from surface sources, and for understanding the possible feedback between climate changes and lightning. This paper reviews more than 3 decades of research. The review includes laboratory studies as well as surface, airborne and satellite-based observations of lightning and of NOx and related species in the atmosphere. Relevant data available from measurements in regions with strong LNOx influence are identified, including recent observations at midlatitudes and over tropical continents where most lightning occurs. Various methods to model LNOx at cloud scales or globally are described. Previous estimates are re-evaluated using the global annual mean flash frequency of 44±5 s−1 reported from OTD satellite data. From the review, mainly of airborne measurements near thunderstorms and cloud-resolving models, we conclude that a "typical" thunderstorm flash produces 15 (2–40)×1025 NO molecules per flash, equivalent to 250 mol NOx or 3.5 kg of N mass per flash with uncertainty factor from 0.13 to 2.7. Mainly as a result of global model studies for various LNOx parameterisations tested with related observations, the best estimate of the annual global LNOx nitrogen mass source and its uncertainty range is (5±3) Tg a−1 in this study. In spite of a smaller global flash rate, the best estimate is essentially the same as in some earlier reviews, implying larger flash-specific NOx emissions. The paper estimates the LNOx accuracy required for various applications and lays out strategies for improving estimates in the future. An accuracy of about 1 Tg a−1 or 20%, as necessary in particular for understanding tropical tropospheric chemistry, is still a challenging goal.

/pdf/the-global-lightning-induced-nitrogen-oxides-source-4n884kbcha.pdf

The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source

"The Greek magical papyri" is a collection of magical spells and formulas, hymns, and rituals from Greco-Roman Egypt, dating from the second century B.C. to the fifth century A.D.. A comprehensive text, this volume contains a fresh translation of the Greek papyri, as well as Coptic and Demotic texts, the new translation has also been brought up to date.

The Greek magical papyri in translation : including the Demotic spells

Galatians: A Commentary on Paul's Letter to the Churches in Galatia

LINET—An international lightning detection network in Europe

[1] A new technique has been developed to operate spatially extended VLF/LF lightning detection networks in a pseudo 3-D mode in order to facilitate discrimination of intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning. Time-of-arrival measurements are carried out with high precision to distinguish VLF/LF-emission regions of lightning discharges in higher altitudes and near ground, respectively. This is accomplished by utilizing deviations of arrival times measured at sensor stations close to lightning events as compared to arrival times expected on the basis of 2-D propagation paths. Successful functioning of the method in networks of common dimensions requires that both signal processing and event time tagging is achieved with an accuracy level of about 1 μs. Results are presented from a new network which has been operating continuously since May 2003 and covers southeast Germany in an area of approximately 300 × 400 km. VLF/LF source emission heights of ∼5–15 km have been identified.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2004GL019821

Lightning detection with 3‐D discrimination of intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground discharges

Lightning is a natural phenomenon that has always produced much impact on
humans and their societies, mainly because of its impressive appearance and the threats imposed on life and structures. As one consequence, modern lightning research continues to develop effective tools and procedures suited to recognize severe thunderstorms and to generate reliable alert. During the long time of past lightning investigation, much understanding of the discharge processes has been gathered and efficient detection techniques have been implemented. Today, numerous institutions all over the world deal with unraveling the numerous questions about lightning that have remained open, with much success, but as is typical for research in subjects of natural science, the complexity of the phenomena defies fast and comprehensive clarification. Meanwhile, the many competent research efforts and their impressive results render it impossible to present the gathered knowledge in
a single book. Thus, the present monograph is designed to describe in 27 chapters.
merely some of the highlights of current research. Moreover, the topics have been
selected to elucidate the lightning phenomena that are readily understandable by
a general, educated readership, rather than addressing only specialists in the field.
Accordingly, a more deeply interested reader is referred to the ample reports in
literature.
At first,

http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/574372288.pdf

Hans Dieter Betz

Papers

The Greek magical papyri in translation : including the Demotic spells

Galatians: A Commentary on Paul's Letter to the Churches in Galatia

LINET—An international lightning detection network in Europe

Lightning detection with 3‐D discrimination of intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground discharges

Lightning: Principles, Instruments and Applications