There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Range and stopping-power tables for heavy ions

The structural properties of free nanoclusters are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the interplay of energetic, thermodynamic, and kinetic factors in the explanation of cluster structures that are actually observed in experiments. The review starts with a brief summary of the experimental methods for the production of free nanoclusters and then considers theoretical and simulation issues, always discussed in close connection with the experimental results. The energetic properties are treated first, along with methods for modeling elementary constituent interactions and for global optimization on the cluster potential-energy surface. After that, a section on cluster thermodynamics follows. The discussion includes the analysis of solid-solid structural transitions and of melting, with its size dependence. The last section is devoted to the growth kinetics of free nanoclusters and treats the growth of isolated clusters and their coalescence. Several specific systems are analyzed.

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Structural properties of nanoclusters: Energetic, thermodynamic, and kinetic effects

▪ Abstract Semiconductor nanowires and nanotubes exhibit novel electronic and optical properties owing to their unique structural one-dimensionality and possible quantum confinement effects in two dimensions. With a broad selection of compositions and band structures, these one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are considered to be the critical components in a wide range of potential nanoscale device applications. To fully exploit these one-dimensional nanostructures, current research has focused on rational synthetic control of one-dimensional nanoscale building blocks, novel properties characterization and device fabrication based on nanowire building blocks, and integration of nanowire elements into complex functional architectures. Significant progress has been made in a few short years. This review highlights the recent advances in the field, using work from this laboratory for illustration. The understanding of general nanocrystal growth mechanisms serves as the foundation for the rational sy...

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Semiconductor nanowires and nanotubes

The jellium model of simple metal clusters has enjoyed remarkable empirical success, leading to many theoretical questions. In this review, we first survey the hierarchy of theoretical approximations leading to the model. We then describe the jellium model in detail, including various extensions. One important and useful approximation is the local-density approximation to exchange and correlation effects, which greatly simplifies self-consistent calculations of the electronic structure. Another valuable tool is the semiclassical approximation to the single-particle density matrix, which gives a theoretical framework to connect the properties of large clusters with the bulk and macroscopic surface properties. The physical properties discussed in this review are the ground-state binding energies, the ionization potentials, and the dipole polarizabilities. We also treat the collective electronic excitations from the point of view of the cluster response, including some useful sum rules.

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The physics of simple metal clusters: self-consistent jellium model and semiclassical approaches

A simple rain collector preventing water re-evaporation dedicated for δ18O and δ2H analysis of cumulative precipitation samples

The metastable decomposition of sputtered, mass-selected, cluster ions is investigated under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Highly excited $\mathrm{Al}_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ and $\mathrm{Cu}_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ cluster ions are found to decompose mainly by evaporation of single neutral atoms, whereas for $\mathrm{Si}_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ clusters, fission is also observed. The decay rates of $\mathrm{Cu}_{n}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ clusters are in agreement with calculations presented by Klots. Some consequences of our results for the interpretation of cluster-ion mass spectra produced by other experimental methods are discussed.

Unimolecular decomposition of sputtered Aln +, Cun +, and Sin + clusters.

Giant resonances in silver-cluster photofragmentation

3D imaging of the collision-induced Coulomb fragmentation of water molecules.

A new cluster source, the “PACIS”, has recently been developed [1, 2]: a pulsed high-current arc is fired between two electrically isolated electrodes. In a stream of carrier gas, the nascent metal plasma cools down, thus undergoes significant aggregation. After supersonic expansion into high vacuum, the resulting cluster ions will be subject to investigation. Here, we present the current state of the source development and further technical details. The integral intensity is estimated by film thickness measurements and yields a deposition rate of, e.g., up to 2 A per shot for lead. About 10% of the emitted material turns out to be charged. Time-of-flight measurements show similar cluster ion mass spectra as they are known from laser vaporization. Already single shot mass spectra display completen-series which can be followed ton ≈ 40. For heavy clusters, a significant velocity slip is estimated from the beam velocities.

Hans Otto Lutz

Papers

A simple rain collector preventing water re-evaporation dedicated for δ18O and δ2H analysis of cumulative precipitation samples

Unimolecular decomposition of sputtered Aln +, Cun +, and Sin + clusters.

Giant resonances in silver-cluster photofragmentation

3D imaging of the collision-induced Coulomb fragmentation of water molecules.

The pulsed arc cluster ion source (PACIS)